SN Refsdal

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SN Refsdal
The past, present and future appearances of the Refsdal supernova.jpg
SN Refsdal (inset picture) and galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6+2223
Event type Supernova
Datec. 9.34 billion years ago
(discovered 11 November 2014 by the Hubble Space Telescope)
Constellation Leo
Right ascension 11h 49m 35.45s [1]
Declination 22° 23′ 44.84″ [1]
Epoch J2000
Distancec. 14.4 billion ly
Redshift z=1.49 [1]
Host SP 1149
Notable featuresFirst multiply-lensed supernova
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SN Refsdal is the first detected multiply-lensed supernova, visible within the field of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149+2223. It was named after Norwegian astrophysicist Sjur Refsdal, who, in 1964, first proposed using time-delayed images from a lensed supernova to study the expansion of the universe. [1] [2] [3] The observations were made using the Hubble Space Telescope. [4]

Contents

Einstein cross

The host galaxy of SN Refsdal is at a redshift of 1.49, corresponding to a comoving distance of 14.4 billion light-years and a lookback time of 9.34 billion years. [5] The multiple images are arranged around the elliptical galaxy at z = 0.54 in a cross-shaped pattern, also known as an "Einstein cross". [1]

Reappearance

The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right, the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible. The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova. The image on the lower right shows the discovery of the supernova on 11 December 2015, as predicted by several different models. Heic1525a.jpg
The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right, the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible. The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova. The image on the lower right shows the discovery of the supernova on 11 December 2015, as predicted by several different models.

After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field. [1]

The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015 [6] (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations), [7] in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed. [8] [9] [10] The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the Hubble constant. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae. [11]

Using measurements from SN Refsdal and galaxy cluster lens models, astronomers found that the Hubble constant has value H0 = 66.6+4.1
−3.3 km s−1 Mpc−1. [12]

Other multiply-lensed supernova

Other reported multiply-lensed supernova are iPTF16geu, [13] [14] [15] SN Requiem (AT2016jka), [16] [17] [18] [15] Supernova Zwicky (SN 2022qmx), [19] [20] [15] Chen et al SN, [21] [15] SN H0pe [22] [15] and SN 2022riv. [23]

The same way as with SN Refsdal among these SN H0pe has also been used too to measure the value of the Hubble constant using the relative delay in the arrival between images. [24] [25]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravitational lens</span> Light bending by mass between source and observer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sjur Refsdal</span> Norwegian astrophysicist (1935–2009)

Sjur Refsdal was a Norwegian astrophysicist, born in Oslo. He is best known for his pioneer work on gravitational lensing, including the Chang-Refsdal lens.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">RX J1532.9+3021</span> Galaxy cluster in the constellation Corona Borealis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MACS J0416.1-2403</span> Galaxy cluster in the constellation Eridanus

MACS J0416.1-2403 or MACS0416 abbreviated, is a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z=0.397 with a mass 160 trillion times the mass of the Sun inside 200 kpc (650 kly). Its mass extends out to a radius of 950 kpc (3,100 kly) and was measured as 1.15 × 1015 solar masses. The system was discovered in images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope during the Massive Cluster Survey, MACS. This cluster causes gravitational lensing of distant galaxies producing multiple images. Based on the distribution of the multiple image copies, scientists have been able to deduce and map the distribution of dark matter. The images, released in 2014, were used in the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) to help scientists peer back in time at the early Universe and to discover the distribution of dark matter.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kelly, P. L.; Rodney, S. A.; Treu, T.; Foley, R. J.; Brammer, G.; Schmidt, K. B.; Zitrin, A.; Sonnenfeld, A.; Strolger, L. -G.; Graur, O.; Filippenko, A. V.; Jha, S. W.; Riess, A. G.; Bradac, M.; Weiner, B. J.; Scolnic, D.; Malkan, M. A.; von Der Linden, A.; Trenti, M.; Hjorth, J.; Gavazzi, R.; Fontana, A.; Merten, J. C.; McCully, C.; Jones, T.; Postman, M.; Dressler, A.; Patel, B.; Cenko, S. B.; et al. (2015). "Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens". Science. 347 (6226): 1123–1126. arXiv: 1411.6009 . Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1123K. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3350. PMID   25745167. S2CID   206633888.
  2. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (March 5, 2015). "Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns". New York Times . Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  3. ↑ Amina Khan (5 March 2015). "Don't believe the light: Supernova in 'Einstein Cross' is a cosmic trick". Los Angeles Times .
  4. ↑ Sharon, K.; Johnson, T. L. (2015). "Revised Lens Model for the Multiply Imaged Lensed Supernova, "Sn Refsdal" in Macs J1149+2223". The Astrophysical Journal. 800 (2): L26. arXiv: 1411.6933 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...800L..26S. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L26. S2CID   118735742.
  5. ↑ "Cosmological redshift z=1.49". Wolfram Alpha . Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Caught in the act - Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
  7. ↑ "Detection of a SN near the center of the galaxy cluster field MACS1149 consistent with predictions of a new image of Supernova Refsdal". Patrick Kelly. The Astronomer's Telegram. 13 Dec 2015.
  8. ↑ Oguri, Masamune (2015). "Predicted Properties of Multiple Images of the Strongly Lensed Supernova SN Refsdal". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): L86–L89. arXiv: 1411.6443 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449L..86O. doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slv025 . S2CID   118389176.
  9. ↑ Diego, J.M; Broadhurst, T.; Chen, C.; Lim, J.; Zitrin, A.; Chan, B.; Coe7, D.; Ford, H. C.; Lam, D.; Zheng, W. (2016). "A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (1): 356–365. arXiv: 1504.05953 . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456..356D. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv2638 . S2CID   32212490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Treu, T; et al. (2016). "Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACS1149.5+2223". The Astrophysical Journal. 817 (1): 60. arXiv: 1510.05750 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...817...60T. doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/60 . S2CID   36631665.
  11. ↑ Vega-Ferrero, J.; Diego, J.M; Miranda, V.; Bernstein, G. (2018). "The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 853 (1): 31–36. arXiv: 1712.05800 . Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...31O. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f . S2CID   55840221.
  12. ↑ Kelly, P. L.; et al. (2023). "Constraints on the Hubble constant from Supernova Refsdal's reappearance". Science. 380 (6649): eabh1322. arXiv: 2305.06367v1 . Bibcode:2023Sci...380.1322K. doi:10.1126/science.abh1322. PMID   37167351. S2CID   258615332.
  13. ↑ Goobar, A.; Amanullah, R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Nugent, P. E.; Johansson, J.; Steidel, C.; Law, D.; Mörtsell, E.; Quimby, R.; Blagorodnova, N.; Brandeker, A.; Cao, Y.; Cooray, A.; Ferretti, R.; Fremling, C. (2017-04-21). "iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova". Science. 356 (6335): 291–295. arXiv: 1611.00014 . Bibcode:2017Sci...356..291G. doi:10.1126/science.aal2729. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   28428419.
  14. ↑ "Rare Supernova Discovery Ushers in New Era for Cosmology". Berkeley Lab Computing Sciences. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
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  16. ↑ Rodney, Steven A.; Brammer, Gabriel B.; Pierel, Justin D. R.; Richard, Johan; Toft, Sune; O’Connor, Kyle F.; Akhshik, Mohammad; Whitaker, Katherine E. (November 2021). "A gravitationally lensed supernova with an observable two-decade time delay". Nature Astronomy. 5 (11): 1118–1125. arXiv: 2106.08935 . Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1118R. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9. ISSN   2397-3366.
  17. ↑ Tomaswick, Andy (2021-06-21). "Astronomers saw the Same Supernova Three Times Thanks to Gravitational Lensing. And in Twenty Years They Think They'll see it one More Time". Universe Today. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  18. ↑ "SN Requiem". requiem-galaxies.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  19. ↑ Goobar, Ariel; Johansson, Joel; Schulze, Steve; Arendse, Nikki; Carracedo, Ana Sagués; Dhawan, Suhail; Mörtsell, Edvard; Fremling, Christoffer; Yan, Lin; Perley, Daniel; Sollerman, Jesper; Joseph, Rémy; Hinds, K.-Ryan; Meynardie, William; Andreoni, Igor (September 2023). "Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky". Nature Astronomy. 7 (9): 1098–1107. arXiv: 2211.00656 . Bibcode:2023NatAs...7.1098G. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3. ISSN   2397-3366. PMC   10509034 . PMID   37736027.
  20. ↑ "Rare Gravitational Lensing Warps Light Of Distant Supernova Into Four Images – W. M. Keck Observatory". 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  21. ↑ Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Oguri, Masamune; Broadhurst, Thomas J.; Diego, Jose M.; Emami, Najmeh; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Treu, Tommaso L.; Zitrin, Adi (November 2022). "Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images". Nature. 611 (7935): 256–259. arXiv: 2306.12985 . Bibcode:2022Natur.611..256C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05252-5. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   36352131.
  22. ↑ Polletta, M.; Nonino, M.; Frye, B.; Gargiulo, A.; Bisogni, S.; Garuda, N.; Thompson, D.; Lehnert, M.; Pascale, M.; Willner, S. P.; Kamieneski, P.; Leimbach, R.; Cheng, C.; Coe, D.; Cohen, S. H. (July 2023). "Spectroscopy of the supernova H0pe host galaxy at redshift 1.78". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 675: L4. arXiv: 2306.12385 . Bibcode:2023A&A...675L...4P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346964. ISSN   0004-6361.
  23. ↑ Roberts-Pierel, Justin; The LensWatch Collaboration (January 2023). "First Results of the LensWatch Collaboration: Hubble Observations and Constraints for Two New Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae". Bulletin of the AAS. 241: 432.07. Bibcode:2023AAS...24143207R.
  24. ↑ Pascale, Massimo; Frye, Brenda L.; Pierel, Justin D. R.; Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Cohen, Seth H.; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Riess, Adam G.; Kamieneski, Patrick S. (2024-03-27). "SN H0pe: The First Measurement of $H_0$ from a Multiply-Imaged Type Ia Supernova, Discovered by JWST". arXiv: 2403.18902 [astro-ph.CO].
  25. ↑ Grayson, Skylar (April 2024). "A New H0pe for the Hubble Constant?". Astrobites.
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