3

Divisibility rule

A natural number is divisible by three if the sum of its digits in base 10 is divisible by 3. For example, the number 21 is divisible by three (3 times 7) and the sum of its digits is 2 + 1 = 3. Because of this, the reverse of any number that is divisible by three (or indeed, any permutation of its digits) is also divisible by three. For instance, 1368 and its reverse 8631 are both divisible by three (and so are 1386, 3168, 3186, 3618, etc.). See also Divisibility rule. This works in base 10 and in any positional numeral system whose base divided by three leaves a remainder of one (bases 4, 7, 10, etc.).

Properties of the number

3 is the second smallest prime number and the first odd prime number. It is the first unique prime, such that the period length value of 1 of the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 0.333..., is unique. 3 is a twin prime with 5, and a cousin prime with 7, and the only known number ${\displaystyle n}$ such that ${\displaystyle n}$! − 1 and ${\displaystyle n}$! + 1 are prime, as well as the only prime number ${\displaystyle p}$ such that ${\displaystyle p}$ − 1 yields another prime number, 2 It is a largely composite number, ^[4] as it (like all primes) has 2 divisors and no smaller number has more than 2 divisors (as there is no composite number less than 3). A triangle is made of three sides. It is the smallest non-self-intersecting polygon and the only polygon not to have proper diagonals. When doing quick estimates, 3 is a rough approximation of π, 3.1415..., and a very rough approximation of e, 2.71828...

3 is the first Mersenne prime, as well as the second Mersenne prime exponent and the second double Mersenne prime exponent, for 7 and 127, respectively. 3 is also the first of five known Fermat primes, which include 5, 17, 257, and 65537. It is the second Fibonacci prime (and the second Lucas prime), the second Sophie Germain prime, the third Harshad number in base 10, and the second factorial prime, as it is equal to 2! + 1.

3 is the second and only prime triangular number, and Gauss proved that every integer is the sum of at most 3 triangular numbers.

Three is the only prime which is one less than a perfect square. Any other number which is ${\displaystyle n^{2}}$ − 1 for some integer ${\displaystyle n}$ is not prime, since it is (${\displaystyle n}$ − 1)(${\displaystyle n}$ + 1). This is true for 3 as well (with ${\displaystyle n}$ = 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If ${\displaystyle n}$ is greater than 2, both ${\displaystyle n}$ − 1 and ${\displaystyle n}$ + 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime.

Related properties

The trisection of the angle was one of the three famous problems of antiquity.

3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a plane, a circle, and a parabola.

There are only three distinct 4×4 panmagic squares.

Three of the five Platonic solids have triangular faces – the tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosahedron. Also, three of the five Platonic solids have vertices where three faces meet – the tetrahedron, the hexahedron (cube), and the dodecahedron. Furthermore, only three different types of polygons comprise the faces of the five Platonic solids – the triangle, the square, and the pentagon.

There are three finite convex uniform polytope groups in three dimensions, aside from the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms: the tetrahedral group, the octahedral group, and the icosahedral group. In dimensions ${\displaystyle n}$ ⩾ 5, there are only three regular polytopes: the ${\displaystyle n}$-simplexes, ${\displaystyle n}$-cubes, and ${\displaystyle n}$-orthoplexes. In dimensions ${\displaystyle n}$ ⩾ 9, the only three uniform polytope families, aside from the numerous infinite proprismatic families, are the ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{n}}$ simplex, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{n}}$ cubic, and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{n}}$ demihypercubic families. For paracompact hyperbolic honeycombs, there are three groups in dimensions 6 and 9, or equivalently of ranks 7 and 10, with no other forms in higher dimensions. Of the final three groups, the largest and most important is ${\displaystyle {\bar {T}}_{9}}$, that is associated with an important Kac–Moody Lie algebra ${\displaystyle \mathrm {E} _{10}}$. ^[5]

Numeral systems

There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of "One, Two, Three" and thereafter "Many" to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as "Many". This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization's explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people. ^[6]

List of basic calculations

Protoscience

• In European alchemy, the three primes (Latin : tria prima) were salt ( ), sulfur ( ) and mercury ( ). ^{[13] [14]}
• The three doshas (weaknesses) and their antidotes are the basis of Ayurvedic medicine in India. ^[15]

Pseudoscience

• Three is the symbolic representation for Mu, Augustus Le Plongeon's and James Churchward's lost continent. ^[16]

Christianity

• The threefold office of Christ is a Christian doctrine which states that Christ performs the functions of prophet, priest, and king.
• During the Agony in the Garden, Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him.
• Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death.
• The devil tempted Jesus three times.
• Saint Peter thrice denied Jesus and thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus.
• The Magi – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia ^[17] – gave Jesus three gifts. ^{[18] [19]}
• There are three Synoptic Gospels and three epistles of John.
• Paul the Apostle went blind for three days after his conversion to Christianity.

Judaism

• Noah had three sons: Ham, Shem and Japheth
• The Three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
• The prophet Balaam beat his donkey three times.
• The prophet Jonah spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish
• Three divisions of the Written Torah: Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings) ^[20]
• Three divisions of the Jewish people: Kohen, Levite, Yisrael
• Three daily prayers: Shacharit , Mincha , Maariv
• Three Shabbat meals
• Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky ^[21]
• Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot
• Three matzos on the Passover Seder table ^[22]
• The Three Weeks, a period of mourning bridging the fast days of Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av
• Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: idolatry, murder, sexual immorality ^[23]
• Upsherin, a Jewish boy's first haircut at age 3 ^[24]
• A Beth din is composed of three members
• Potential converts are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity ^[25]
• In the Jewish mystical tradition of the Kabbalah, it is believed that the soul consists of three parts, with the highest being neshamah ("breath"), the middle being ruach ("wind" or "spirit") and the lowest being nefesh ("repose"). ^[26] Sometimes the two elements of Chayah ("life" or "animal") and Yechidah ("unit") are additionally mentioned.
• In the Kabbalah, the Tree of Life (Hebrew: Etz ha-Chayim, עץ החיים) refers to a latter 3-pillar diagrammatic representation of its central mystical symbol, known as the 10 Sephirot .

Islam

• The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam)

Buddhism

• The Triple Bodhi (ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath.
• The Three Jewels, the three things that Buddhists take refuge in.

Shinto

• The Imperial Regalia of Japan of the sword, mirror, and jewel.

Daoism

• The Three Treasures (Chinese : 三 寶 ; pinyin :sānbǎo; Wade–Giles :san-pao), the basic virtues in Taoism.
• The Three Dantians
• Three Lines of a Trigram
• Three Sovereigns: Heaven Fu Xi (Hand – Head – 3º Eye), Humanity Shen Nong (Unit 69), Hell Nüwa (Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus).

Hinduism

• The Trimurti: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
• The three guṇas (triguna) found in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. ^[27]
• The three paths to salvation in the Bhagavad Gita named Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga.

Zoroastrianism

• The three virtues of Humata, Hukhta and Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in Zoroastrianism.

Norse mythology

Three is a very significant number in Norse mythology, along with its powers 9 and 27.

• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
• Bor had three sons, Odin, Vili, and Vé.

Other religions

• The Wiccan Rule of Three.
• The Triple Goddess: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates.
• The sons of Cronus: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
• The Slavic god Triglav has three heads.

Esoteric tradition

• The Theosophical Society has three conditions of membership.
• Gurdjieff's Three Centers and the Law of Three.
• Liber AL vel Legis , the central scripture of the religion of Thelema, consists of three chapters, corresponding to three divine narrators respectively: Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
• The Triple Greatness of Hermes Trismegistus is an important theme in Hermeticism.

As a lucky or unlucky number

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Three (三, formal writing: 叁, pinyin sān, Cantonese: saam¹) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds like the word "alive" (生 pinyin shēng, Cantonese: saang¹), compared to four (四, pinyin: sì, Cantonese: sei¹), which sounds like the word "death" (死 pinyin sǐ, Cantonese: sei²).

Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in synchrony: Now, on the count of three, everybody pull! Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of "three" is predicted based on the timing of the "one" and "two" before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate.

There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a third light, that is, to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.^{[ citation needed ]}

The phrase "Third time's the charm" refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in "third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught". ^{[ citation needed ]}

Luck, especially bad luck, is often said to "come in threes". ^[28]

Bibliography

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48