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See also: 及, 廴, 廼, 迺, ㄋ, and の

乃	U+4E43, 乃 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43

← 乂
[U+4E42]

CJK Unified Ideographs

乄 →
[U+4E44]

Translingual

Stroke order (Mainland China)

Stroke order
Traditional Chinese and Japanese

Han character

乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 1722₇, composition ⿹㇡丿)

Derived characters

仍, 𠮨, 𡉁, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𤜠, 𨸐, 辸, 𣅅, 㭁, 𤆈, 㲌, 𠂫, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𦨋, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𪥑, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𢒁, 𫡐, 𠂪, 𫡝
𡦺, 㞧, 艿, 𫶵, 秀, 𬔬, 𠂱, 𭺹, 隽, 𣤃, 𣫉, 䯮, 𩾖, 𧤢, 疓, 氖, 𡩍, 𫡄, 𭑩, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 𤆄, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 𧈦, 㚉, 鼐, 𬩄, 𩜒
夃, 𠂏, 𡕔, 𡭘, 𢒀, 𪜌, 𦮘, 𠂐, 𪣍, 𬊅, 𦙕, 𥙯, 𥚣, 𮂁, 𥟄, 𨨍, 𩉶, 𠛘, 𨾫, 𡧿, 𫴟, 𬼎, 𡥗, 𣏻, 𫞯, 𫞰, 𣕼, 𧁅

Descendants

の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
Unihan data for U+4E43

Chinese

simp. and trad.		乃
alternative forms		迺廼𠄕𠄎𠧤迺廼𠄕𠄎𠧤𢏩𢎧

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乃
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)			Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Shizhoupian script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j11474 j11475 j11476 j11477 j11478 j11479 j11480 j11481 Bronze inscriptions b07002 b07003 b07004 b07005 b07006 b07007 b07008 b07009 b07010 b07011 b07012 b07013 b07014 b07015 b07016 b07017 b07018 b07019 b07020 b07021 b07022 b07023 b07024 b07025 b07026 b07027 b07028 b07029 b07030 b07031 b07032 b07033 b07034 b07035 b07036 b07037 b07038 b07039 b07040 Small seal script s03493 Transcribed ancient scripts L34567 L34568 L34569 L34570 L15245 L15246 L15247 L15230 L15231 L15232 L15233 L15234 L15235 L15236 L15237 L15238 L15239 L15240 L15241 L15242 L15243 L15244 L15248 L15249 L15250 L15251 L15252 L15253 L15254 L15255
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (乃) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
乃	*nɯːʔ
鼐	nɯːʔ, nɯːs
疓	*njɯːʔ
奶	*rneːlʔ
仍	*njɯŋ
艿	*njɯŋ
辸	*njɯŋ
礽	*njɯŋ
扔	njɯŋ, njɯŋs
芿	*njɯŋs

From ancient 𠄎.

Etymology 1

“you; your”: From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
"then; now": Related to Tibetan ན (na, “postposition following temporal causes”) (Coblin, 1986).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "3" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

乃

(literary) you, your
- 朕心朕德，惟乃知。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Zhèn xīn zhèn dé, wéi nǎi zhī. [Pinyin]
  Only you know my heart and my virtue.
- 往踐乃職，無逆朕命。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  往践乃职，无逆朕命。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Wǎng jiàn nǎi zhí, wú nì zhèn mìng. [Pinyin]
  Go and carry out your duties, and do not disobey my orders!
- 王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  王师北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
  Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
  On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
(literary) be
失敗乃成功之母／失败乃成功之母 ― shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ ― failure is the mother of success
- 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
  The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
(literary) then; hence
Synonym: 於是 / 于是 (yúshì)
- 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
  Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
(literary) only then; not ... until
Synonym: 才 (cái)
- 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
  The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
- 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  沛公谓张良曰：「从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
  Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
(literary) but
- 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
  I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
- 古人以儉為美德，今人乃以儉相詬病。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  古人以俭为美德，今人乃以俭相诟病。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 11th century, Sima Guang, 訓儉示康
  Gǔrén yǐ jiǎn wéi měidé, jīnrén nǎi yǐ jiǎn xiāng gòubìng. [Pinyin]
  The ancient people regarded frugality as a virtue, but now people criticize one another for being frugal.
(literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
- 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
  Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
  They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
(Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
乃萌 ― nǎiméng ― (cute-sounding variant of 你們) you (plural)
(Northern Wu) now
從前伊勿敢跳過去，乃伊勿怕了。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
从前伊勿敢跳过去，乃伊勿怕了。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 14
³zon-xxi ³hhi 勿-koe ²thiau-gu-qi ³ne ³hhi 勿-pho ⁵leq [Wugniu]
A long time ago he was scared to jump over, but now he isn't.

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 你 (“you (singular)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		汝, 爾, 乃, 而, 若, 伊, 子, 君 †, 卿 †
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		你, 您 †, 閣下 †, 臺端
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	你, 您 †, 您老人家 †
	Taiwan	你, 您 †
	Chengde	你, 您老人家 †
	Ulanhot	你
	Tongliao	你
	Chifeng	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Heihe	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Qiqihar	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Harbin	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 †
	Jiamusi	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Baicheng	你, 你老 †, 你老人家 †
	Changchun	你, 你老 †
	Tonghua	你, 你老 †
	Shenyang	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 †
	Jinzhou	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Malaysia	你, 您 †
	Singapore	你, 您 †
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	你
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	你, 你了 †
	Tangshan	你, 你老 †
	Cangzhou	你, 你老 †
	Baoding	你, 你老 †
	Shijiazhuang	你, 你家 †
	Lijin	你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 †
	Weifang (Weicheng)	你
	Weifang (Fangzi)	你
	Changle	你
	Shouguang	你
	Wulian	你
	Jinan	你, 你老人家 †
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	你, 你老 †
	Dandong	你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
	Yantai	你
	Yantai (Muping)	你
	Qingdao	你
	Weifang (Hanting)	你
	Changyi	你
	Gaomi	你, 恁
	Zhucheng	你, 恁
	Anqiu	你
	Linqu	你, 恁
	Qingzhou	你
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	你
	Lingbao	你
	Wanrong	你
	Linfen	你
	Shangqiu	你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 †
	Yuanyang	你, 你老 †
	Zhengzhou	你, 你老人家 †
	Xinyang	你, 你老人家 †
	Baihe	你, 你老兒 †
	Xi'an	你, 你老人家 †
	Dingbian	你
	Baoji	你, 你老人家 †
	Tianshui	你, 你老人家 †
	Xining	你, 喬, 你老人家 †
	Yanqi	你
	Xuzhou	恁, 你, 你老人家 †
	Pizhou	恁, 你
	Lianyungang (Ganyu)	你
	Donghai	你
	Fuyang	你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	你
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	你, 你老人家 †
	Bayanhot	你, 您 †
	Lanzhou	你
	Hami	你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Ürümqi	你, 你老人家 †
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	你, 你老人家 †
	Nanchong	你, 你老人家 †
	Dazhou	你, 你老人家 †
	Hanyuan	你, 你老人家 †
	Xichang	你, 你老 †
	Zigong	你, 你老人家 †
	Chongqing	你, 你老人家 †
	Wuhan	你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Yichang	你, 你家 †, 老人家 †, 你老人家 †
	Xiangyang	你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Tianmen	你, 您哪 †, 你老人家 †
	Guiyang	你, 你老人家 †
	Zunyi	你, 你老人家 †
	Bijie	你
	Liping	你, 您 †
	Zhaotong	你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Dali	你, 你家 †
	Kunming	你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Mengzi	你, 你老人家 †
	Guilin	你, 你老人家 †
	Liuzhou	你, 你老人家 †
	Nanning (Xiakuojie)	你
	Nanning (Fujian)	你
	Nanning (Wuming)	你
	Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming)	你
	Binyang (Nanjie)	你
	Jishou	你
	Changde	你, 你家 †
	Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	你
	Hanzhong	你
	Dagudi (Maliba)	你
	Reshuitang (Longling)	你
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	你
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	你
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	你, 你老人家 †
	Yangzhou	你, 你老人家 †
	Baoying	你
	Taizhou	你
	Zhenjiang	你
	Lianyungang	你, 你老人家 †
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	你, 您兒 †
	Lianshui	你
	Xuyi	你
	Xinghua	你
	Nantong	你, 你老人家 †
	Rugao	你
	Yancheng	你
	Funing	你
	Sihong	你
	Anqing	你, 你老人家 †
	Wuhu	你, 你老人家 †
	Hefei	你, 你老人家 †
	Hong'an	你, 你老人家 †
Mandarin	Qinzhou (Longmengang)	你
Mandarin	Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle)	你
Cantonese	Guangzhou	你
	Hong Kong	你
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	你
	Hong Kong (Shek Pik; Weitou)	你
	Macau	你
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	你
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	你
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	你
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	你
	Foshan	你
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	你
	Foshan (Shunde)	你
	Foshan (Sanshui)	你
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	你
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	你
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	你
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	你
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	你
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan)	你
	Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan)	你
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	你
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	你
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	你
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	你
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	你
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	你
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	你
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	你
	Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong)	你
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	你
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	你
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	你
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	你
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	你
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	你
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	你
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	你
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	你
	Taishan	你
	Kaiping (Chikan)	你
	Enping (Niujiang)	你
	Heshan (Yayao)	你
	Maoming (Beixipo, Dianbai; Malan)	你
	Maoming (Bengtangque, Dianbai; Malan)	你
	Maoming (Mianhuadi, Dianbai; Malan)	你
	Maoming (Shanzuipo, Dianbai; Malan)	你
	Maoming (Binglanghua, Dianbai; Malan)	你
	Dongguan	你
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	你
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	你
	Shenzhen (Pingdong, Longgang; Shehua)	你
	Shenzhen (Pingshan; Zhanmi)	你
	Qingyuan	你
	Fogang	你
	Yingde (Hanguang)	你
	Yangshan	你
	Lianshan (Butian)	你
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	你
	Shaoguan	你
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	你
	Renhua	你
	Lechang	你
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	你
	Sihui	你
Guangning	你
Deqing	你
Huaiji	你
Fengkai (Nanfeng)	你
Yunfu	你
Xinxing	你
Luoding	你
Yunan (Pingtai)	你
Yangjiang	你
Xinyi	你
Lianjiang	你
Nanning	你
Baise	你
Qinzhou	你
Beihai	你
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	你
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	你
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	你
Danzhou	你
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	你
Penang (Guangfu)	你
Singapore (Guangfu)	你
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	你
Móng Cái	你
Gan	Nanchang	爾, 恁
	Nanchang (Wangcheng)	恁
	Anyi	爾仂
	Lushan	爾
	Pengze	爾
	Duchang	爾, 爾儂
	Wuning (Quankou)	恁
	Poyang	你
	Yugan	你, 你郎
	Wannian	你
	Hengfeng	爾, 爾仂
	Yanshan (Hekou)	爾, 爾仂
	Leping	你
	Yichun	你
	Yifeng	爾
	Gao'an	爾
	Fengxin	你
	Shanggao	爾
	Wanzai	爾
	Fengcheng	你
	Xinyu	你
	Fuzhou (Shangdundu)	你
	Fuzhou (Dongxiang)	爾仂
	Nancheng	恁
	Nanfeng	你仂, 你
	Yihuang	恁
	Lichuan	汝
	Chongren	爾
	Pingxiang	恨, 你
	Lianhua	你
	Ji'an	你
	Yongfeng	恁
	Taihe	你
	Xiajiang	你
	Yongxin	你
	Yingtan (Yujiang)	爾
	Guixi	爾, 爾仂
	Jianning	你
	Jinxian	恁, 爾
	Jinxi	恁
	Le'an	你
	Guangchang	你
	Anfu	你
	Suichuan	你
	Wan'an	你
	Jing'an	爾
	Zhangshu	你
	Xingan	你
	Fenyi	你
Hakka	Meixian	你
	Xingning	你
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	你
	Huiyang	你
	Huidong (Daling)	你
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	你
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	你
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	你
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	你
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	你
	Nanxiong (Zhuji)	你
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	你
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	你
	Liannan	你
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	你
	Jiexi	你
	Changting	你
	Shanghang	汝
	Longyan (Yongding)	汝
	Wuping	你
	Wuping (Pingyu)	你
	Liancheng	你
	Ninghua	你
	Qingliu	你
	Yudu	你
	Ningdu	恁
	Ruijin	你
	Shicheng	你
	Shangyou (Shexi)	你
	Ganzhou (Nankang)	你
	Dayu	你
	Dingnan	你
	Longnan	你
	Xunwu	爾
	Huichang	恨, 爾
	Chongyi	你
	Xingguo	你
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	你
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	你
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	你
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	你
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	你
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	你
	Hong Kong	你
	Luchuan	你
	Bobai (Shahe)	你
	Bobai (Longtan)	你
	Bobai (Lingping)	你
	Bobai (Lingjiao)	你
	Sabah (Longchuan)	你
	Senai (Huiyang)	你
	Kuching (Hepo)	你
	Singkawang	你
	Singapore (Dabu)	你
	Bangkok (Meixian)	你
Huizhou	Jixi	爾, 爾仂
	Shexian	爾, 你, 你老人家 †
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	爾, 爾仂
	Wuyuan	爾
	Fuliang	爾
	Dexing	爾
	Chun'an (Qiandaohu)	爾
	Jiande (Meicheng)	爾
	Jiande (Shouchang)	曾, 曾儂
Jin	Taiyuan	你, 你家 †
	Yangyuan	你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
	Datong	你, 您兒 †
	Xinzhou	你, 你吶 †
	Lüliang (Lishi)	你, 你老兒家 †
	Changzhi	你
	Taibus (Baochang)	你, 您 †
	Linhe	你, 您 †, 你老兒家 †
	Jining	你, 您 †, 你家 †
	Hohhot	你, 您 †, 您老兒家 †
	Baotou	你, 您 †
	Dongsheng	你, 您 †
	Haibowan	你, 您 †
	Erenhot	你, 您兒 †
	Pingshan	你
	Zhangjiakou	你, 您 †, 你老 †
	Handan	你, 你老人家 †
	Linzhou	你
	Suide	你
Northern Min	Jian'ou	你
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	你
	Songxi	你
	Zhenghe	你
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	汝
	Jianyang	你
	Wuyishan	你
	Pucheng (Shibei)	你
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	汝
	Fuzhou (Changle)	汝
	Lianjiang	汝
	Fuqing	汝
	Pingtan	汝
	Yongtai	汝
	Minqing	汝
	Gutian	汝
	Pingnan	汝
	Luoyuan	汝
	Fu'an	汝
	Ningde	汝
	Xiapu	汝
	Zherong	汝
	Shouning	汝
	Zhouning	汝
	Fuding	汝
	Matsu	汝
	Taishun	爾
	Cangnan	爾
	Singapore (Fuqing)	汝
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	汝
Southern Min	Xiamen	汝
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	汝
	Quanzhou	汝
	Jinjiang	汝
	Nan'an	汝
	Shishi	汝
	Hui'an	汝
	Anxi	汝
	Yongchun	汝
	Dehua	汝
	Zhangzhou	汝
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	汝
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	汝
	Hua'an	汝
	Nanjing	汝
	Pinghe	汝
	Zhangpu	汝
	Yunxiao	汝
	Zhao'an	汝
	Dongshan	汝
	Taipei	汝
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	汝
	Kaohsiung	汝
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	汝
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	汝
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	汝
	Yilan	汝
	Changhua (Lukang)	汝
	Taichung	汝
	Taichung (Wuqi)	汝
	Tainan	汝
	Taitung	汝
	Hsinchu	汝
	Kinmen	汝
	Penghu (Magong)	汝
	Penang (Hokkien)	汝
	Singapore (Hokkien)	汝
	Manila (Hokkien)	汝
	Medan (Hokkien)	汝
	Longyan	汝
	Zhangping	汝
	Datian	汝
	Guilin (Biyange)	汝
	Chaozhou	汝
	Shantou	汝
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	汝
	Jieyang	汝
	Haifeng	汝
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	汝
	Singapore (Teochew)	汝
	Batam (Teochew)	汝
	Pontianak (Teochew)	汝
	Leizhou	汝
	Wenchang	汝
	Haikou	汝
	Singapore (Hainanese)	汝
Puxian Min	Putian	汝
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	汝
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	汝
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	汝
	Xianyou	汝
	Xianyou (Fengting)	汝
	Xianyou (Youyang)	汝
Central Min	Yong'an	你
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	你
	Sanming (Shaxian)	你
	Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping)	你
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	𫣴
	Guangze	𫣴
	Mingxi	你
	Shunchang	你
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	汝
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	汝
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	你
Shehua	Fu'an	你
	Fuding	你
	Luoyuan	你
	Sanming	你
	Shunchang	你
	Hua'an	你
	Guixi (Zhangping)	你
	Cangnan	你
	Jingning (Hexi)	你
	Lishui	你
	Longyou	你
	Chaozhou	你
	Fengshun	你
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	你
Wu	Shanghai	儂
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是奴
	Shanghai (Jiading)	儂, 甚, 恆儂
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	儂
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爾
	Suzhou	倷
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	㑚
	Wuxi	你
	Changshu	儂
	Kunshan	能
	Nantong (Haimen)	你
	Jiaxing	你
	Jiashan	你
	Pinghu	爾儂
	Haining (Yanguan)	儂, 你
	Tongxiang	儂
	Haiyan	你
	Changzhou	你
	Danyang	爾
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	你
	Huzhou	是爾
	Changxing	是爾
	Anji	爾
	Deqing	爾
	Hangzhou	你
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	儂, 是儂, 爾, 是爾
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	儂, 是儂
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	儂, 你, 爾, 是爾
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	爾
	Tonglu	你, 是你
	Shaoxing	諾
	Zhuji	你
	Shengzhou	儂
	Xinchang	爾, 奶
	Ningbo	諾, 爾, 爾諾
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	諾
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	儂, 爾
	Yuyao	儂
	Cixi	儂
	Xiangshan	爾, 像爾
	Ninghai	爾, 爾儂
	Zhoushan	儂
	Taizhou (Huangyan)	爾
	Tiantai	爾
	Xianju	爾
	Sanmen	爾
	Linhai	爾
	Wenling	爾
	Wenzhou	你
	Yueqing	你
	Yongjia (Fenglin)	你
	Pingyang	你
	Taishun	你
	Wencheng	你
	Lishui	你
	Qingtian	你
	Jinyun	你, 定你
	Wuyi (Liucheng)	爾
	Songyang (Xiping)	你
	Yunhe	你
	Jingning	你
	Qingyuan	你
	Longquan	你
	Quzhou	你
Suichang	你
Jiangshan	你
Changshan	爾
Kaihua	你
Longyou	你, 你儂
Jinhua	儂
Jinhua (Tangxi)	爾, 爾儂
Yiwu	儂
Yongkang	爾
Pujiang	爾
Dongyang	爾
Wuyi	儂
Lanxi	爾, 爾儂
Shangrao	爾儂
Shangrao (Guangfeng)	爾
Yushan	恁
Xiang	Changsha	你
	Xiangtan	你
	Loudi	你
	Shuangfeng	你
Note	†: honorific

Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今₁, 茲, 乃今, 於今
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒
	Taiwan	現在
	Ulanhot	現在
	Tongliao	現在
	Chifeng	現在
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	現在
	Harbin	現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
	Shenyang	現在
	Malaysia	現在
	Singapore	現在
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	現如今, 當下
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	現在, 如今, 現如今
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	現在, 而今, 現如今
	Wanrong	人根, 移根
	Xi'an	致兒, 現在
	Xuzhou	眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	現在
	Bayanhot	現在
	Lanzhou	賈
	Ürümqi	眼下, 現在
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
	Wuhan	如今, 此如今
	Guiyang	這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候
	Kunming	現在
	Guilin	現在
	Liuzhou	一寁
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	現在
	Yangzhou	現在
	Hefei	而今, 如今
Cantonese	Guangzhou	而家, 家下, 家陣
	Hong Kong	而家, 家下, 家陣, 而家下 dated
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	那下
	Macau	而家
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	而家
	Taishan	該時
	Dongguan	家下, 那下
	Yangjiang	果陣
	Xinyi	個陣
	Nanning	而家, 而卡
	Wuzhou	家陣, 而家
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	而家
	Singapore (Guangfu)	而家
Gan	Nanchang	現在, 如今
	Lichuan	該行崽
	Pingxiang	該仔, 如今
Hakka	Meixian	今下, 今仔下, 現下
	Xingning	如下
	Fengshun (Tangkeng)	今₁
	Fengshun (Fengliang)	今時
	Fengshun (Pantian)	今子
	Huidong (Daling)	今下
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	如今
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	如今
	Changting	如今
	Wuping	今下
	Wuping (Pingyu)	今₁
	Liancheng	已久
	Ninghua	今子
	Yudu	如今
	Ruijin	如今, 今下子
	Shicheng	今底
	Shangyou (Shexi)	如今
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	這下, 現下, 今這下
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
	Hong Kong	今下
	Sabah (Bao'an)	今下, 今下子, 今下仔
	Sabah (Longchuan)	今下
	Senai (Huiyang)	今下
	Kuching (Hepo)	呢下
Huizhou	Jixi	爾歇
Huizhou	Shexian	爾扎兒
Jin	Taiyuan	如今, 而今
	Xinzhou	現時
	Taibus (Baochang)	現在
	Linhe	這咱會兒
	Jining	這會兒
	Hohhot	這會兒
	Baotou	這會兒
	Dongsheng	這會兒
	Haibowan	如今
Northern Min	Jian'ou	迦今, 今迦, 現刻
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	迦
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	迦
	Wuyishan	今下
	Pucheng (Shibei)	迦, 今下
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日
	Fuqing	現時
	Ningde	現在, 仱
	Fuding	足古
Southern Min	Xiamen	這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今₂, 這氣
	Quanzhou	這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今₂, 際, 這氣
	Zhangzhou	這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今₂, 這氣
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	現主清
	Zhao'an	這陣, 這馬, 現在
	Taipei	這馬
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	這馬
	Kaohsiung	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
	Yilan	今₂, 這陣, 這馬
	Changhua (Lukang)	這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
	Taichung	這馬, 這陣
	Taichung (Wuqi)	這馬
	Tainan	今₂, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步
	Taitung	這馬
	Hsinchu	這陣, 這馬
	Kinmen	這陣
	Penghu (Magong)	這陣, 今₂, 這馬
	Penang (Hokkien)	今仔, 當今
	Singapore (Hokkien)	這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬
	Manila (Hokkien)	這陣, 現時, 現在, 現主時, 這際, 這時
	Chaozhou	此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣
	Shantou	現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在
	Shantou (Chenghai)	此在, 只陣
	Jieyang	此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	現在
	Singapore (Teochew)	只陣, 當今
	Pontianak (Teochew)	只旦
	Leizhou	現旦
	Wenchang	現旦
	Haikou	現旦
	Singapore (Hainanese)	現旦
Puxian Min	Putian	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	今₂, 現時
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	即下, 現時
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou	今₂, 即下, 現時
	Xianyou (Fengting)	今₂, 現時
	Xianyou (Youyang)	今₂, 即下, 現時
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	而今
Wu	Shanghai	現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光
	Shanghai (Chongming)	那末
	Suzhou	現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
	Danyang	格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
	Hangzhou	記歇
	Wenzhou	恁界, 恁仰界
	Jinhua	格孑
Xiang	Changsha	如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
	Xiangtan	咯如在
	Loudi	而界, 如今
	Shuangfeng	侯基

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是, 係
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Malaysia	是
	Singapore	是
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	是
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	是
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	是
	Wuhan	是
	Guilin	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Macau	係
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
	Maoming (Xinpo)	係
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	是
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	係
	Penang (Guangfu)	係
	Singapore (Guangfu)	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Xingning	係
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	係
	Huidong (Daling)	係
	Wuhua (Meilin)	係
	Zijin	係
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	係
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	係
	Changting	係
	Wuping	係
	Wuping (Pingyu)	係
	Liancheng	係
	Ninghua	係
	Yudu	係
	Ruijin	係
	Shicheng	係
	Shangyou (Shexi)	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Kuching (Hepo)	係
	Singapore (Dabu)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	是
Eastern Min	Singapore (Fuqing)	是
Southern Min	Xiamen	是
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Dongshan	是
	Taipei	是
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Yilan	是
	Changhua (Lukang)	是
	Taichung	是
	Tainan	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Kinmen	是
	Penghu (Magong)	是
	Penang (Hokkien)	是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	是
	Manila (Hokkien)	是
	Datian	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	是
	Jieyang	是
	Haifeng	是
	Singapore (Teochew)	是
	Leizhou	是
	Wenchang	是
	Qionghai	是
	Singapore (Hainanese)	是
Puxian Min	Putian	是
Puxian Min	Xianyou	是, 正是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	是
	Shanghai (Jiading)	是
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Chongming)	是
	Suzhou	是
	Suzhou (Wujiang)	是
	Wuxi	是
	Changshu	是
	Kunshan	是
	Taicang	是
	Qidong	是
	Haimen (Sijia)	是
	Jiaxing	是
	Jiashan	是
	Pinghu	是
	Haining (Yanguan)	是
	Tongxiang	是
	Haiyan	是
	Changzhou	是
	Liyang	是
	Changzhou (Jintan)	是
	Yixing	是
	Danyang	是
	Jingjiang	是
	Jiangyin	是
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	是
	Huzhou	是
	Changxing	是
	Anji	是
	Hangzhou	是
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	是
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	是
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	是
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	是
	Tonglu	是
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	是
	Shaoxing	是
	Zhuji	是
	Shengzhou	是
	Xinchang	是
	Ningbo	是
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	是
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	是
	Yuyao	是
	Cixi	是
	Xiangshan	是
	Ninghai	是
	Zhoushan	是
	Tiantai	是
	Xianju	是
	Sanmen	是
	Wenzhou	是
	Yueqing	是
	Lishui	是
	Longquan	是
	Jinhua	是
	Yiwu	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	是

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai⁴ / nai^4*

Cantonese
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: nai⁴ / nai^4*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Definitions

乃

(Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

乃

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

from
possessive particle
whereupon
accordingly
you

Readings

Go-on: ない (nai)
Kan-on: だい (dai)
On: え (e)
Kun: お (o, 乃)、すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち)、なんじ (nanji, 乃)^{←なんぢ (nandi, 乃, historical)}^{←なむち (namuti, 乃, ancient)}、の (no, 乃)
Nanori: おさむ (osamu)^{←をさむ (wosamu, historical)}、のり (nori)

Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi¹ oi²:

Go-on: あい (ai)
Kan-on: あい (ai)

Korean

Hanja

乃 (eumhun 이에 내 (ie nae))

hanja form^? of 내 (“then”)
hanja form^? of 내 (“really, indeed”)
hanja form^? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)

References

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乃

Old Korean

Alternative forms

言利, 曰利 (logographic variant)

Verb

乃 (*nwoy-)

to speak; to say
- c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Golden Light Sutra:
  佛^隱[言]^乃示尸善男子^良五種法^乙依^良
  PWUTHYE-n nwoy-si-l SYEN.NAM.CO-ya WO.CYONG.PEP-ur UY[?]-a
  As for the Buddha, his [honored] sayings: "O good men! Rely on the Five Laws, and..."
  (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

Descendants

Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)

Vietnamese

Han character

乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6], ái^[2]
乃: Nôm readings: náy^[4]^[6], nãy^[4], nảy^[4]^[6]^[6], nải^[1]^[7]^[6], nấy^[4]^[6]^[6], nới^[4]^[6]

chữ Hán form of nãi (“but; then”).
chữ Hán form of nãi (“you”).

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Génibrel (1898).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
^ Nguyễn (1974).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Hồ (1976).
^ Trần (1999).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
^ Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Génibrel (1898).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-3] Nguyễn (1974).

[Hồ_(1976)-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Hồ (1976).

[Trần_(1999)-5] Trần (1999).

[tdcntd-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[bonet-7] Bonet (1899).

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@@ Line 162: / Line 162: @@
 ===Further reading===
 * {{cite-journal|author={{lang|ko|남풍현}} (Nam Pung-hyeon)|title=ko:<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀|trans-title=A new reading of the ''Wonwangsaeng-ga''|journal=Gugyeol Yeon'gu|year=2018|volume=41|pages=5-27}}
-* {{cite-book|author={{lang|ko|황선엽}} (Hwang Seon-yeop)|title={{lang|ko|釋讀口訣辭典}}|trans-title=Dictionary of interpretive ''gugyeol''|publisher=Taehaksa|year=2009|isbn=9788994024042}}
+* {{cite-book|author={{lang|ko|황선엽}} (Hwang Seon-yeop)|title=ko:釋讀口訣辭典|trans-title=Dictionary of interpretive ''gugyeol''|publisher=Taehaksa|year=2009|isbn=9788994024042}}
 * {{cite-journal|author={{lang|ko|이병기}} (Yi Byeong-gi)|title=ko:구결자료의 어휘|trans-title=Vocabulary in the ''gugyeol'' sources|journal=Gugyeol Yeon'gu|year=2014|volume=33|pages=23–61}}