Figure 1

Figure 1. Location of Ixodes ricinus collection sites and detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae. 1). Trentino Province. Dots represent places where ticks were not found to have rickettsiae; different shapes represent the...

A total of 109 I. ricinus specimens were collected in northern and central Italy (Figure 1), identified by using standard taxonomic keys, and stored at –20°C. Specifically, 89 ticks (70 adults and 19 nymphs) were collected by dragging vegetation in different parts of Trentino Province in April–October 1997 and 1999, and 10 ticks (7 adults and 3 nymphs) by dragging in Feltre (Veneto Region) in March 2000. Ten more ticks (7 adults and 3 nymphs) were collected from a patient at the Ospedale di Careggi in Firenze in May 1997. The man had been bitten in Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (Toscana Region; see Figure 1) a number of hours earlier but did not display any illness. MIF tests with R. conorii antigens were performed on his arrival at the hospital and again 4 weeks later; results were negative in each instance. Tick samples were placed in 50 μL of 10 mM Tris·HCl (pH 8.0), heated at 90°C for 10 min, crushed with a sterile plastic homogenizer, and treated with 10 μg of proteinase K at 50°C for 3 h. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a 341-bp portion of gltA was performed by using the primers Rp CS.877p and Rp CS.1258n under conditions previously described (10). These primers were chosen for an initial screening because they are known to amplify all rickettsiae (11).

One hundred nine PCRs were performed, and nine positives (two adult females, three adult males, and four nymphs) were found. An initial estimate of the overall prevalence in Italian I. ricinus is thus 8.25%. To better establish intrageneric relationships, the nine positive samples were subjected to further PCR analysis with the primer pairs Rr 17.61p/Rr 17.492n and Rr 190.70p/Rr 190.602n (10), which amplified 394-bp and 488-bp portions of 17kDa and ompA, respectively. PCR bands for all three genes were then sequenced directly by using ABI PRISM sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA). To compare the sequences obtained during this study with those of other rickettsiae, sequences present in GenBank were selected by means of BLAST as well as on the basis of previous reports (1,12). Sequences were converted to their putative amino acid sequences and aligned by using the program Clustal X (ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ClustalX/). Based on these alignments, nucleotide alignments were performed manually, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred by maximum likelihood (ML). The appropriate model of sequence evolution was determined by Modeltest 3.06 (http://zoology.byu.edu/crandall_lab/modeltest.htm), and trees were produced using the program TreePuzzle 5.0 (www.tree-puzzle.de), which provides branch lengths as well as quartet puzzling support values at each node with >50% support.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Phylogenetic analyses of rickettsiae based on gltA (A), 17 kDa (B) and ompA (C). Based on analyses in Modeltest 3.06, the models of substitution chosen for analysis in Treepuzzle 5.0 were...

Comparisons of the sequences identified with those from closely related SFG Rickettsia spp. are shown in the Table; Figure 2 shows the results of phylogenetic analysis. gltA-based results (Figure 2a) show that all strains detected are SFG rickettsiae. For 17kDa (Figure 2b), no identical sequences for IrITA2 and IrITA3 were present in GenBank, and they clustered with R. cooleyi (isolated from I. scapularis in Texas [13]). ompA was the most variable of the three genes analyzed (Figure 2c) and could only be amplified from IrITA2 and IrITA3. Consistent with the results from gltA, ompA from IrITA2 was 100% identical to IrR/Munich; however, two substitutions were found between these two sequences and that of IRS4. Notably, for ompA, the cluster to which IrITA2 and IrITA3 belong also contains a strain detected in Spain (14). This finding suggests that these bacteria may be widespread in Europe. On the basis of ompA (and 17kDa) sequences, the clade containing IrITA2 and IrITA3 was closest to a clade containing R. cooleyi and an endosymbiont (10), both hosted by I. scapularis. All previous attempts to amplify ompA from R. helvetica by using various primers have failed, which suggests that the gene is either absent or too variable to work with primers designed from other SFG bacteria (12). This would explain why we were unable to amplify ompA from IrITA1. Taken together, the results from the three genes indicate that the clade containing IrITA2 and IrITA3 represents a lineage divergent from the seven described previously (1).

Our results represent the first demonstration of rickettsiae in Italian I. ricinus and the first use of molecular-sequence–based methods to identify rickettsiae in Italy. One bacterium, R. helvetica, occurs in several parts of Europe and has been implicated as a human pathogen. The other two strains have only recently been discovered in I. ricinus from Slovakia and Germany. Whether they are pathogenic is not known, but since other rickettsiae of previously unknown pathogenicity have subsequently been shown to be associated with disease (R. helvetica and R. slovaca [15]), these new strains warrant attention.

Several studies on rickettsioses in Italy have been published in the last two decades, and they all report R. conorii as the causative agent. As MSF is the only known rickettsiosis in Italy, diagnostic tests use R. conorii as the only antigen for serologic assays (16,17). However, since SFG rickettsiae cause cross-reactions, confusion about the source of the illness may occur. Although antibiotic therapy is generally effective for all SFG-related diseases, a better understanding of how different rickettsiae cause different symptoms will only come with their correct identification. During 1996–1999 in the regions we sampled, 23 rickettsioses (assumed to be MSF) were reported from Veneto, 42 from Toscana, and 3 from Trentino Province (Italian Ministry of Health, unpub. data). While many were likely to be MSF cases, the possibility exists that some were caused by other SFG (perhaps R. helvetica).

Unlike most studies, one serosurvey in northeastern Italy (18) used the complement-fixation test, which is less prone to cross-reactions (19); none of the sera tested was found positive for antibodies to rickettsiae. This finding may be explained by the use of R. conorii, R. rickettsii, R. typhi, and R. akari as the only antigens. Serosurveys such as these could therefore benefit from the use of antigens from the bacteria identified in our study. I. ricinus is one of the most abundant tick species in Italy, having a very low host specificity and a record of attaching to large numbers of humans (8). The results reported here add SFG rickettsiae to the list of potentially dangerous pathogens that Italian I. ricinus carry.