Birds were caught by mist-nets, banded (ringed), and examined for ticks at the Cernek Bird Ringing Station (41°36’N, 36°05’E) in the Kizilirmak Delta in Turkey, an internationally important wetland area for birds (4). We conducted the study during the spring and autumn migration seasons in 2010 and 2011 and in spring 2012. Bird species and number of ticks on each species were recorded. Each tick was speciated by examining morphologic characteristics under stereomicroscope (5).

The identified ticks were placed in tubes with steel beads and homogenized at the maximum speed (50 Hz) for 10 min in TissueLyser LT device (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations by using High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany), but as a small modification, the homogenized tick mixture was kept at 37°C for 1 h.

In accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, we obtained viral cDNA using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania). Real-time PCR was performed by using the combination of primer pairs and the FastStart TaqMan Probe Master Kit (Roche Applied Science), as described by Yapar et al. (6), for each tick sample. cDNA from patient samples, which previously had been determined as positive, were used as the positive control sample.

We performed conventional PCR only on positive samples obtained from real-time PCR. CCHFV small (S) segment (encoding for the nucleocapsid protein) specific primer pairs (F3: 3′-GAATGTGCATGGGTTAGCTC-5′ and R2: 3′-GACATCACAATTTCACCAGG-5′) and same PCR conditions defined by Schwarz et al. (7) were used in the PCR. Sequence analysis was performed on the ≈260-bp PCR product, when positivity was detected, by using the primers of F3 and R2 in the ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

Sequences organized by using Chromas Lite Program (http://technelysium.com.au) were entered in GenBank. Our sequences and GenBank sequences were aligned in MEGA 5.1 (http://www.megasoftware.net), and the phylogenetic tree was drawn on the basis of the 260 bp of the S segment of the CCHFV genome. To compare the sequences and phylogenetic analysis, we used the maximum-likelihood method.

We found attached ticks on 65 (0.5%) of the 13,377 captured and banded birds, which represented 17 species. A total of 188 ticks collected on these birds belonged to Ixodes, Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis, and Rhipicephalus genera (Table). Only 2 ticks (Hyalomma sp. and Ixodes sp.) were CCHF positive by PCR.

CCHFV (Samsun T3–2010 and Samsun T18–2010) was detected in Hyalomma spp. (nymphs) (21 [4.8%] ticks) and Ixodes spp. (nymphs) (127 [0.8%]) on great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) (9.7% of banded birds) and on European robins (Erithacus rubecula) (0.5% of banded birds), respectively.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of nucleotide sequences of CCHFVPhylogenetic tree based on the 260 bp of the small segment of the CCHFV genomeThe multiple sequence alignment was obtained by using MEGA 5.1 (<>

The Samsun CCHFV partial sequences of the S segments obtained in this study have been deposited in GenBank under the accession nos. KF727976 and KF727977. CCHFV are distributed within 7 different genotypes in the world. The CCHFV sequences obtained in the present study belong to genotype 4 (Figure 1).

Figure 2

Figure 2. Migration patterns of birds carrying ticks with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virusA) Great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) eastern migration routes (red lines), breeding grounds (yellow) and wintering areas (purple)Bodies of water are...

We detected CCHFV RNA in Hyalomma spp. (nymphs) collected on great reed warblers and in Ixodes spp. (nymphs) on European robins, which migrate across Turkey twice a year en route from their breeding sites to their wintering sites (Figure 2) and back. The probability of CCHFV transportation by ticks among different regions and countries is high during migration of both bird species. Because these birds stop several times during migration (9), CCHF in Europe possibly could increase, especially at the stopover sites in southern Europe, which provide suitable ecologic environments.

Although Hyalomma ticks are the most commonly encountered ticks that carry CCHFV in Turkey, the virus also was detected in ixodid ticks, such as Rhipicephalus spp. and Haemaphysalis spp. picked up from humans and animals (10). Also, Albayrak et al. (11) detected CCHFV in I. ricinus ticks. Because the 2 sequences detected showed similarity with CCHFV genotype 4, which was widespread in Turkey (1), whether the ticks were infected in Turkey or infected earlier during bird migration is impossible to say. Other studies have shown that CCHFV could be transported by ticks on birds (12–14). By itself, transportation of infected ticks by birds might not be sufficient to cause the epidemics in Turkey, but along with this, climate changes, environmental changes, increased number of sensitive animals, and tick and animal movements might play a role in spreading CCHF (1).

In ecologically important regions, such as the Kizilirmak Delta, where resident and migratory birds are mixed, different microorganisms or ticks can be transferred among birds, and then carried by birds for long distances. Therefore, knowing migration routes and what pathogens birds are infected with may help predict future epidemics in various countries and provide highlight the geographic regions where diseases could be detected (15).