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Fuel load is a crucial input in wildfire behavior models and a key parameter for the assessment of fire severity, fire flame length, and fuel consumption. Therefore, wildfire managers will benefit from accurate predictions of the spatiotemporal distribution of fuel load to inform strategic approaches to mitigate or prevent large-scale wildfires and respond to such incidents. Field surveys for fuel load assessment are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and as such, cannot be repeated frequently across large territories. On the contrary, remote-sensing sensors quantify fuel load in near-real time and at not only local but also regional or global scales. We reviewed the literature of the applications of remote sensing in fuel load estimation over a 12-year period, highlighting the capabilities and limitations of different remote-sensing sensors and technologies. While inherent technological constraints currently hinder optimal fuel load mapping using remote sensing, recent and anticipated developments in remote-sensing technology promise to enhance these capabilities significantly. The integration of remote-sensing technologies, along with derived products and advanced machine-learning algorithms, shows potential for enhancing fuel load predictions. Also, upcoming research initiatives aim to advance current methodologies by combining photogrammetry and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) to accurately map fuel loads at sub-meter scales. However, challenges persist in securing data for algorithm calibration and validation and in achieving the desired accuracies for surface fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications for Enhancing Wildfire Management and Ecosystem Multifunctionality)

12 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colistin Use for the Treatment of Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Severe Infections in ICU Patients: A Single-Center Study

by Stanislaw Wojciech Rojek, Iga Wojtowicz, Fabio Silvio Taccone and Wieslawa Duszynska

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(3), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030797 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Colistin is increasingly used to treat severe infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly in critically ill patients. Its effectiveness, especially in monotherapy, remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of colistin therapy in severe MDR infections. Methods: This retrospective study included patients treated with colistin (CMS) at the ICU. Patients’ treatments were divided into four subgroups: monotherapy vs. combination therapy, empirical vs. targeted therapy, intravenous vs. intravenous plus inhaled therapy, and standard doses with and without a loading dose. The primary outcome was clinical cure. Secondary outcomes included microbiological eradication, survival rate, and drug-related toxicity, particularly acute kidney injury (AKI). Exclusion criteria included Gram-positive infection, inhaled therapy alone, use of colistin <5 days. Results: A total of 150 patients (mean age 60 ± 18 years, APACHE II score 17 ± 10) were included. The most frequent condition was hospital-acquired pneumonia (n = 140, 93.3%). The most common pathogen was MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 146, 97.3%). In most patients, colistin therapy was targeted (n = 113, 75.3%) and combined with other antibiotics (n = 124, 82.7%). Inhaled CMS was added in 47 (31.3%) patients. Mean duration of therapy was 10 ± 4 days. Clinical cure occurred in 64 (42.7%) patients, microbiological eradication in 20 (13.3%). AKI developed in 65 (53.7%) patients. Inhaled CMS improved the clinical cure rates (57.4% vs. 37.0%, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Intravenous CMS was mainly used for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii-related pneumonia. Clinical cure was observed in 42.7% of patients, but renal toxicity was high. Combining intravenous and inhaled CMS may improve outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Severe Infection and Antimicrobial Management in ICU)

27 pages, 5607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation into the Design, Optimization, Toxicity, and Anti-Viral Efficacy of Proliposomes Loaded with Ivermectin Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using an Embryonated Chicken Egg Model

by Mohammad H. Alyami, Hamad S. Alyami, Asmaa M. Abdo, Shereen A. Sabry, Shimaa M. G. Mansour, Hanan M. El-Nahas and Margrit M. Ayoub

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17020165 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a significant illness in birds, making it a leading source of financial loss in the poultry business. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of proliposomes (PLs) containing ivermectin (IVM) against IBV using embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Methods: A three-factor, two-level (2³) full factorial design was employed; carrier/lipid phase ratio (A), stearyl glycyrrhetinate amount (B), and phospholipid type (C) were studied as independent variables, while product yield (PY), entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and cumulative percentage of drug released after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The selected formulations (PL2 and PL6) were subjected to further characterizations, including IVM toxicity and anti-viral activity. Results: The PY% ranged from 88.6 ± 2.19% to 98.8 ± 0.45%, EE% was from 71.8 ± 2.01% to 96.1 ± 0.51%, PS was from 330.1 ± 55.65 nm to 1801.6 ± 45.61 nm, PDI was from 0.205 ± 0.06 to 0.603 ± 0.03, ZP was from −18.2 ± 0.60 mV to −50.1 ± 1.80 mV, and Q6h was from 80.95 ± 1.36% to 88.79 ± 2.03%. IVM-loaded PLs had lower toxicity in ECEs than pure IVM; the mortality rate was substantially reduced in IBV-infected ECEs injected with PL2 rather than pure IVM. As further evidence of IVM’s anti-viral action against IBV, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the PL2-treated group exhibited further reduction in IBV’s copies in comparison with the pure IVM-treated group. Conclusions: PLs loaded with IVM are an innovative and potentially effective way to inhibit IBV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)

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34 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessReview

Peri-Implant Bone Stability Around Tapered Implant Prosthetic Connection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Different Cone Morse and Conometric Implants Angle Contact and Coupling Interface Designs

by Iris Alla, Antonio Scarano, Bruna Sinjari, Edit Xhajanka and Felice Lorusso

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031237 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Internal implant–abutment connection has been proposed to increase interface stability and reduce biological and prosthetic issues. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the influence of the implant abutment conical angle on marginal bone loss and mechanical complications. Methods: The literature screening was performed by considering Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar sources. The eligibility process was conducted in order to perform a descriptive synthesis, determine the risk of bias, and carry out network meta-analyses. The following categories were considered for pairwise comparisons: external hexagon (EI), internal hexagon (HI), cone morse (CM) (<8° contact angle), and conometric joint (>8° contact angle). For the descriptive data synthesis, the following parameters were considered: sample size, implant manufacturer, prosthetic joint type, prosthetic complications, marginal bone loss, and study outcomes. Results: A total of 4457 articles were screened, reducing the output to the 133 studies included in the descriptive synthesis, while 12 articles were included in the statistical analysis. No significant differences in marginal bone loss were reported when comparing a cone angle of <8° and a cone angle of >8; Conclusions: Within the limits of the present investigation, the cone interface seems to produce lower marginal bone loss compared to external and internal hexagon connection. No differences were found when comparing a cone angle of <8° and a cone angle of >8°. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implant Dentistry: Advanced Materials, Methods and Technologies)

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17 pages, 13845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Effects on Compressive Strength Enhancement of Cellular Concrete During the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test

by Ling Zhou, Zhiping Deng, Junru Ren and Yuhao Zhu

Materials 2025, 18(3), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030552 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

In recent years, a kind of novel cellular concrete, fabricated by spherical saturated superabsorbent polymers, was developed. Its compressive behavior under high strain rate loadings has been studied by split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment in previous research, which revealed an obvious strain rate effect. It has been found by many researchers that the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of compressive strength for concrete-like materials measured by SHPB includes considerable structural effects, which cannot be considered as a genuine strain rate effect. Based on the extended Drucker–Prager model in Abaqus, this paper uses numerical SHPB tests to investigate structural effects in dynamic compression for this novel cellular concrete. It is found that the increment in compressive strength caused by lateral inertia confinement decreases from 5.9 MPa for a specimen with a porosity of 10% to 2 MPa for a specimen with a porosity of 40% at a strain rate level of 70/s, while the same decreasing trend was found at other strain rate levels of 100/s and 140/s. The lateral inertia confinement effect inside the cellular concrete specimen can be divided into the elastic development stage and plastic development stage, bounded by the moment dynamic stress equilibrium is achieved. The results obtained in this research can help to obtain a better understanding of the enhancement mechanism of the compressive strength of cellular concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling and Development of New Building Materials or Products (Second Volume))

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20 pages, 6660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topological Scheme and Analysis of Operation Characteristics for Medium-Voltage DC Wind Turbine Photovoltaic Powered Off-Grid Hydrogen Production System

by Jie Zhang, Fei Xiao, Fan Ma, Xiaoliang Hao and Runlong Xiao

Energies 2025, 18(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030579 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Renewable energy has high volatility in the traditional off-grid AC hydrogen (H₂) production system, which leads to low reliability of the system operation. To address this issue, this paper designs the topology scheme of wind-photovoltaic generation powered off-grid H₂ production system. Firstly, a DC off-grid system topology scheme with the wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) is connected to the medium voltage DC bus by two-stage conversion is proposed. The power fluctuation of WT and PV generation systems and the power-adjustable characteristics of electrolyzers are taken into consideration. Meanwhile, the scheme of distributed access of energy storage (ES) to the WT side and PV side to provide the voltage support for the system is proposed. Secondly, the operating characteristics of DC microgrids and AC microgrids under abnormal operating conditions, such as the fault of the source side, the fault of the load side, and communication interruption, are analyzed in this paper. Finally, the electromagnetic transient simulation model of the DC off-grid H₂ production system and the traditional AC off-grid H₂ production system is established. The effectiveness of the proposed topology scheme is verified by simulation of typical operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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17 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Novel Plantaricin-Derived Antiviral Peptides Against Flaviviruses

by Abubakr A. M. Omer, Sanjiv Kumar, Robert Selegård, Torbjörn Bengtsson and Hazem Khalaf

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031038 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Flaviviruses, including West Nile virus, Zika virus, and Dengue virus, pose global health challenges due to their distribution, pathogenicity, and lack of effective treatments or vaccines. This study investigated the antiviral activity of novel truncated peptides derived from the two-peptide plantaricins PLNC8 αβ, PlnEF, PlnJK, and PlnA. The antiviral potential was predicted using machine learning tools, followed by in vitro evaluation against the Kunjin virus using plaque reduction assays in Vero cells. Molecular docking assessed peptide interactions with KUNV and ZIKV. Full-length and truncated peptides from PlnA, PlnE, PlnF, PlnJ, and PlnK demonstrated limited antiviral efficacy against KUNV in vitro, despite in silico predictions suggesting antiviral potential for PlnA, PlnE, and PlnJ. Large discrepancies were observed between the predicted and experimentally determined activities. However, complementary two-peptide plantaricins PlnEF and PlnJK exhibited significant synergistic effects. Furthermore, the truncated peptides PLNC8 α1-15 and PLNC8 β1-20 reduced KUNV viral load by over 90%, outperforming their full-length counterparts. Molecular docking revealed interactions of PLNC8 α and PLNC8 β, and their truncated variants, with KUNV and ZIKV, suggesting a mechanism involving viral envelope disruption. These findings highlight the potential of plantaricin-derived peptides as promising antiviral candidates against flaviviruses, warranting further investigation into their mechanisms and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds: Insights into Mechanisms, Molecular Docking, and Biological Activities)

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30 pages, 4373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Optimal Operation Strategy for Photovoltaic Systems in Large-Scale Logistics Parks Concerning Climate Impact

by Kai Peng, Mingzhu Ma, Wenxuan Zhao and Rongpeng Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030377 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Solar power is widely regarded as one of the most promising renewable resources for generating electricity and reducing building energy consumption. Logistics parks, with their low-rise buildings and extensive rooftop areas, offer significant advantages for solar energy utilization via rooftop photovoltaics (PVs). However, limited research has been conducted on the proper operational principles and optimized control strategies for the PV systems of logistics parks, particularly regarding the mismatch between power generation and the loads of various building types under varying climatic conditions. This study proposes four optimal PV operation strategies for large-scale logistics parks across diverse climatic regions, developed using a multi-criteria optimization approach. The strategies optimize the azimuth and tilt angles of PV panels under four adjustment frequencies: annual, semi-annual, seasonal, and monthly. The investigated strategies are validated in a 5500 m² logistics park, comprising refrigerated storage, warehouses, sorting centers, and other facilities. The results indicate that the proposed strategies outperform conventional fixed-angle approaches, with the monthly adjustment strategy delivering the best performance. Economic costs are reduced by 9.26–17.02%, while self-sufficiency can be improved by 2.00–7.08%. Cold regions with high solar radiation show particularly significant benefits, with self-consumption increasing by 82.44–359.04%. This study provides valuable insights and practical guidelines for optimizing PV system operations in logistics parks, offering enhanced energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

22 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Dynamic System Model for the Optimal Sizing and Real-World Simulation of Grid-Connected Hybrid Photovoltaic-Hydrogen (PV-H₂) Energy Systems

by Ayatte I. Atteya, Dallia Ali and Nazmi Sellami

Energies 2025, 18(3), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030578 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Hybrid renewable-hydrogen energy systems offer a promising solution for meeting the globe’s energy transition and carbon neutrality goals. This paper presents a new multi-objective dynamic system model for the optimal sizing and simulation of hybrid PV-H₂ energy systems within grid-connected buildings. The model integrates a Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm that enables minimising both the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and the building carbon footprint with a dynamic model that considers the real-world behaviour of the system components. Previous studies have often overlooked the electrochemical dynamics of electrolysers and fuel cells under transient conditions from intermittent renewables and varying loads, leading to the oversizing of components. The proposed model improves sizing accuracy, avoiding unnecessary costs and space. The multi-objective model is compared to a single-objective PSO-based model that minimises the LCOE solely to assess its effectiveness. Both models were applied to a case study within Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, UK. Results showed that minimising only the LCOE leads to a system with a 1000 kW PV, 932 kW electrolyser, 22.7 kg H₂ storage tank, and 242 kW fuel cell, with an LCOE of 0.366 £/kWh and 40% grid dependency. The multi-objective model, which minimises both the LCOE and the building carbon footprint, results in a system with a 3187.8 kW PV, 1000 kW electrolyser, 106.1 kg H₂ storage tank, and 250 kW fuel cell, reducing grid dependency to 33.33% with an LCOE of 0.5188 £/kWh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Storage)

16 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Chi-Tn mAb-Functionalized DOTAP-PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticles Loaded with Docetaxel for Lung Cancer Therapy

by Analía Castro, Álvaro Pittini, Nora Berois, Ricardo Faccio, Pablo Miranda, Álvaro W. Mombrú, Eduardo Osinaga and Helena Pardo

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17020164 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The focus of this study was to prepare and characterize docetaxel (DCX)-loaded lipid/polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNps) functionalized with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Chi-Tn for a potential active targeting approach in lung cancer treatment. Methods: We synthesized DOTAP-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with DCX and functionalized them with Chi-Tn mAb through a biotin–avidin approach. The physicochemical characterization involved dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The in vitro and in vivo evaluations encompassed uptake studies, cell viability tests, and the assessment of tumor growth control in a lung cancer model. Results: The nanoparticles featured a hydrophobic PLGA core with 99.9% DCX encapsulation efficiency, surrounded by a DOTAP lipid shell ensuring colloidal stability with a high positive surface charge. The incorporation of PEGylated lipids on their surface helps evade the immune system and facilitate Chi-Tn mAb attachment. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit a spherical shape with monodisperse particle sizes averaging 250 nm, and demonstrate sustained drug release. In vitro uptake studies and viability assays conducted in A549 cancer cells show that the Chi-Tn mAb enhances nanoparticle internalization and significantly reduces cell viability. In vivo studies demonstrate a notable reduction in tumor volume and an increased survival rate in the A549 tumor xenograft mice model when DCX was encapsulated in nanoparticles and targeted with Chi-Tn mAb in comparison to the free drug. Conclusions: Therefore, Chi-Tn-functionalized LPHNps hold promise as carriers for actively targeting DCX to Tn-expressing carcinomas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology)

14 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Discussion on Sensitivity Optimization in Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Semi-Lumped Resonators

by Lijuan Su, Paris Vélez, Pau Casacuberta, Xavier Canalias, Nazmia Kurniawati and Ferran Martín

Sensors 2025, 25(3), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030735 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

Typically, the operating frequency in single-frequency reflective-mode phase-variation permittivity sensors based on semi-lumped resonators (e.g., step-impedance resonators—SIRs) is set to the resonance frequency of the sensing resonator when it is loaded with the so-called reference (REF) material, f_0,REF. For the case of an SIR-based sensor, if the ratio between the inductance and the capacitance is high (corresponding to a high-Q resonator), the sensitivity in the limit of small perturbations of the dielectric constant (in the vicinity of that of the REF material) is also high. However, the optimum frequency for sensitivity optimization in the limit of small perturbations neither corresponds to the resonance frequency nor coincides with the frequency of maximum phase slope. Such frequencies are calculated in this paper, and it is shown that the optimum frequency for sensitivity optimization is located between the frequency of maximum phase slope and the resonance frequency, although such frequencies tend to coincide for high-Q sensing resonators. This aspect is validated in this paper from electromagnetic simulation and experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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16 pages, 10104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Responses and Crack Propagation of Rock with Crossed Viscoelastic Joints Under Blasting Loads

by Chengyang Li, Dongju Jiang, Jinhai Zhao, Tuo Zhang and Renfei Kuang

Materials 2025, 18(3), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030548 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

To investigate the propagation of stress waves in viscoelastic joints under blasting loads, and their impact on crack propagation and dynamic response in rock masses, a numerical model incorporating intersecting viscoelastic joints was developed using LS-DYNA. This study focuses on the influence of various joint geometric parameters, including thickness and angle, on stress wave propagation and damage patterns in rock. The Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma (RHT) model was employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of rock, while the Poynting–Thomson model was used to describe the viscoelastic properties of the joint fillings. The simulation results provide detailed insights into the principal stress, displacement, and particle vibration velocity around the joints. Based on the stress wave propagation theory, the velocity transmission coefficients were calculated to quantify the attenuation of stress waves across the joints. The findings demonstrate that viscoelastic joint properties significantly affect the damage patterns in the rock mass. Specifically, the area of the crushed zone and the width of cracks on the blasting side are proportional to joint thickness, while crack propagation at the joint tips is governed by differences in principal stress. Moreover, the propagation of vibration velocity is notably weakened at the second joint, highlighting the critical role played by joint characteristics in stress wave dynamics. These results underscore the complex interaction between joint properties and stress wave behavior in rock masses, providing valuable insights for optimizing blasting designs and improving the safety of underground engineering projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Analysis of Composite Materials and Structures in Civil Engineering (Second Edition))

18 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Stray-Field Loss of TEAM P21 Model Under Complex Excitations Based on the Improved Energetic Hysteresis Model

by Zhigang Zhao and Dehai Li

Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020189 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

An efficient numerical calculation method of stray-field loss is investigated for typical magnetic load components (grain-oriented silicon steel sheets (GO), magnetic steel plate, and combined components of both materials) under non-sinusoidal excitations (NSE) containing symmetrical harmonic and DC to avoid the local overheating caused by high stray-field loss density. The paper investigates the stray-field loss with different types of load components and working conditions based on the leakage flux complementary-based measurement method, derives an analytical formulation calculating the energetic hysteresis model parameters under different magnetic flux densities to reduce the dependence on measurement data, establishes a loss calculation method considering the influence of non-sinusoidal magnetization on magnetic loss, and discusses the advantages and limitations of existing numerical approaches of additional loss to establish an effective computational strategy of stray-field loss. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

30 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Differential Quadrature Methods for METE Nanobeam Vibrations

by Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah

Algorithms 2025, 18(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020064 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the use of three different quadrature schemes, as well as an iterative quadrature methodology, to analyze vibrations in magneto-electro-thermo-elastic nanobeams. Individual MATLAB programs for each method are developed with the goal of minimizing errors in comparison to accurate findings, as well as determining the execution time for each strategy. This study shows that the Discrete Singular-Convolution Differential Quadrature Method with a Regularized Shannon Kernel (DSCDQM-RSK) and specified parameters produces the best accurate and efficient results for this particular situation. A subsequent parametric study is carried out to determine the effect of various factors on the vibrated nanobeam, including boundary conditions, material types, linear and nonlinear elastic foundation properties, nonlocal parameters, length-to-thickness ratios, external electric and magnetic potentials, axial forces, and temperature variations. Important discoveries include insights into the relationship between fundamental frequency, linear elastic foundation features, axial loads, external magnetic fields, temperature fluctuations, and material types. According to this study, these findings could be critical in the development of sophisticated nanostructures made from magneto-electro-thermo-elastic materials for use in a variety of electromechanical applications. This would entail utilizing nanobeams’ unique properties in applications such as sensors, resonators, and transducers for nanoelectronics and biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)

19 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graph-Based Topological Embedding and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Voltage Control in Power System

by Hongtao Wei, Siyu Chang and Jiaming Zhang

Sensors 2025, 25(3), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030733 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2025

Abstract

With increasing power system complexity and distributed energy penetration, traditional voltage control methods struggle with dynamic changes and complex conditions. While existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods have advanced grid control, challenges persist in leveraging topological features and ensuring computational efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposes a DRL method combining Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) and soft actor-critic (SAC) for voltage control through load shedding. The method uses GCNs to extract higher-order topological features of the power grid, enhancing the state representation capability, while the SAC optimizes the load shedding strategy in continuous action space, dynamically adjusting the control scheme to balance load shedding costs and voltage stability. Results from the simulation of the IEEE 39-bus system indicate that the proposed method significantly reduces the amount of load shedding, improves voltage recovery levels, and demonstrates strong control performance and robustness when dealing with complex disturbances and topological changes. This study provides an innovative solution to voltage control problems in smart grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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