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New Insights on Y, La, Nd, and Sm Extraction with Bifunctional Ionic Liquid Cyphos IL 104 Incorporated in a Polymer Inclusion Membrane
Engineering Phosphatidylserine Containing Asymmetric Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
Enhanced CO₂/CH₄ Separation in SAPO-34 Membranes via Cold Plasma

Journal Description

Membranes

Membranes is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, published monthly online by MDPI, covers the broad aspects of the science and technology of both biological and non-biological membranes. European Membrane Society (EMS), Membrane Society of Australasia (MSA) and Polish Membrane Society (PTMem) are affiliated with Membranes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Physical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.3 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.6 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2077-0375

Latest Articles

26 pages, 7507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effects of Surface Roughness, Solubility Parameters, and Hydrophilicity on Biofouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes

by Neveen AlQasas and Daniel Johnson

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110235 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2024

The fouling of protein on the surface of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is a surface phenomenon strongly dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of both the membrane surface and the foulant molecule. Much of the focus on fouling mitigation is on the [...] Read more.

The fouling of protein on the surface of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is a surface phenomenon strongly dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of both the membrane surface and the foulant molecule. Much of the focus on fouling mitigation is on the synthesis of more hydrophilic membrane materials. However, hydrophilicity is only one of several factors affecting foulant attachment. A more systematic and rationalized methodology is needed to screen the membrane materials for the synthesis of fouling-resistant materials, which will ensure the prevention of the accumulation of foulants on the membrane surfaces, avoiding the trial and error methodology used in most membrane synthesis in the literature. If a clear correlation is found between various membrane surface properties, in combination or singly, and the amount of fouling, this will facilitate the establishment of a systematic strategy of screening materials and enhance the selection of membrane materials and therefore will reflect on the efficiency of the membrane process. In this work, eight commercial reverse osmosis membranes were tested for bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein fouling. The work here focused on three surface membrane properties: the surface roughness, the water contact angle (hydrophilicity), and finally the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) distance between the foulant understudy (BSA protein) and the membrane surface. The HSP distance was investigated as it represented the affinities of materials to each other, and therefore, it was believed to have an important contribution to the tendency of foulant to stick to the surface of the membrane. The results showed that the surface roughness and the HSP distance contributed to membrane fouling more than the hydrophilicity. We recommend taking into account the HSP distance between the membrane material and foulants when selecting membrane materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Fabrication and Characterization)

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13 pages, 5627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membrane with In Situ Constructed Covalent Organic Frameworks as Separation Layer

by Fangyi Xu, Shuxin Zhao, Junjie Song, Yu Peng and Baowei Su

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110234 - 8 Nov 2024

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) technology is advantageous for separating mixtures of organic solutions owing to its low energy consumption and environmental friendliness. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are good candidates for enhancing the efficiency of solvent transport and ensuring precise molecular sieving of OSN [...] Read more.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) technology is advantageous for separating mixtures of organic solutions owing to its low energy consumption and environmental friendliness. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are good candidates for enhancing the efficiency of solvent transport and ensuring precise molecular sieving of OSN membranes. In this study, p-phenylenediamine (Pa) and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (Tp) are used to construct, in situ, a TpPa COF skin layer via interfacial polymerization (IP) on a polyimide substrate surface. After subsequent crosslinking and activation steps, a kind of TpPa/polyimide (PI) OSN membrane is obtained. Under optimized fabrications, this OSN membrane exhibits an ethanol permeance of 58.0 LMH/MPa, a fast green FCF (FGF) rejection of 96.2%, as well as a pure n-hexane permeance of 102.0 LMH/MPa. Furthermore, the TpPa/PI OSN membrane exhibits good solvent resistance, which makes it suitable for the separation, purification, and concentration of organic solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Other Areas)

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15 pages, 3518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon-Doped TiO₂ Nanofiltration Membranes Prepared by Interfacial Reaction of Glycerol with TiCl₄ Vapor

by Wenjing Zhang, Jiangzhou Luo, Honglei Ling, Lei Huang and Song Xue

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110233 - 7 Nov 2024

In the pursuit of developing advanced nanofiltration membranes with high permeation flux for organic solvents, a TiO₂ nanofilm was synthesized via a vapor–liquid interfacial reaction on a flat-sheet α-Al₂O₃ ceramic support. This process involves the reaction of glycerol, an [...] Read more.

In the pursuit of developing advanced nanofiltration membranes with high permeation flux for organic solvents, a TiO₂ nanofilm was synthesized via a vapor–liquid interfacial reaction on a flat-sheet α-Al₂O₃ ceramic support. This process involves the reaction of glycerol, an organic precursor with a structure featuring 1,2-diol and 1,3-diol groups, with TiCl₄ vapor to form organometallic hybrid films. Subsequent calcination in air at 250 °C transforms these hybrid films into carbon-doped titanium oxide nanofilms. The unique structure of glycerol plays a crucial role in determining the properties of the resulting nanopores, which exhibit high solvent permeance and effective solute rejection. The synthesized carbon-doped TiO₂ nanofiltration membranes demonstrated impressive performance, achieving a pure methanol permeability as high as 90.9 L·m⁻²·h ⁻¹·bar⁻¹. Moreover, these membranes exhibited a rejection rate of 93.2% for Congo Red in a methanol solution, underscoring their efficacy in separating solutes from solvents. The rigidity of the nanopores within these nanofilms, when supported on ceramic materials, confers high chemical stability even in the presence of polar solvents. This robustness makes the carbon-doped TiO₂ nanofilms suitable for applications in the purification and recovery of organic solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Fabrication and Characterization)

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13 pages, 3513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Air Gap Membrane Distillation Process Enhanced with Air Injection for Water Desalination

by Jonathan Ibarra-Bahena, Ulises Dehesa-Carrasco, Rogelio Servando Villalobos-Hernández, Sofía Garrido-Hoyos and Wilfrido Rivera

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110232 - 6 Nov 2024

Water scarcity is a global issue, and desalination is an alternative to providing fresh water. Renewable energies could be used in thermal desalination to produce freshwater from high saline concentration solutions. In this paper, the experimental performance of an air-injection-Air Gap Membrane Distillation [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a global issue, and desalination is an alternative to providing fresh water. Renewable energies could be used in thermal desalination to produce freshwater from high saline concentration solutions. In this paper, the experimental performance of an air-injection-Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) module is presented. The effect of the operation parameters (saline solution temperature, air flow, and salt concentration) on the distilled water rate was evaluated. The air injection enhanced the distilled water rate by 22% at the highest air flow and a solution flow rate of 80 °C, compared to the conventional condition (without air injection) at a salt concentration of 100,000 ppm. Under the same operating conditions, the increase was 17% at a salt concentration of 70,000 ppm. The maximum distilled water rate was 14.10 L/m²·h at 80 °C and an airflow of 1.5 L/min with the highest salt concentration, while it was also 14.10 L/m²·h at the lower salt concentration was 14.10 L/m²·h. The distilled water quality also improved as the air flow increased, since a conductivity reduction of 66% was observed. With the described mathematical model, 94% of the calculated values fell within ±10% of the experimental data for both salt concentration conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)

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20 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modulation of Biological Membranes Using Small-Molecule Compounds to Counter Toxicity Caused by Amyloidogenic Proteins

by Raina Marie Seychell, Adam El Saghir and Neville Vassallo

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110231 - 6 Nov 2024

The transition of peptides or proteins along a misfolding continuum from soluble functional states to pathological aggregates, to ultimately deposit as amyloid fibrils, is a process that underlies an expanding group of human diseases—collectively known as protein-misfolding disorders (PMDs). These include common and [...] Read more.

The transition of peptides or proteins along a misfolding continuum from soluble functional states to pathological aggregates, to ultimately deposit as amyloid fibrils, is a process that underlies an expanding group of human diseases—collectively known as protein-misfolding disorders (PMDs). These include common and debilitating conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and type-2 diabetes. Compelling evidence has emerged that the complex interplay between the misfolded proteins and biological membranes is a key determinant of the pathogenic mechanisms by which harmful amyloid entities are formed and exert their cytotoxicity. Most efforts thus far to develop disease-modifying treatments for PMDs have largely focused on anti-aggregation strategies: to neutralise, or prevent the formation of, toxic amyloid species. Herein, we review the critical role of the phospholipid membrane in mediating and enabling amyloid pathogenicity. We consequently propose that the development of small molecules, which have the potential to uniquely modify the physicochemical properties of the membrane and make it more resilient against damage by misfolded proteins, could provide a novel therapeutic approach in PMDs. By way of an example, natural compounds shown to intercalate into lipid bilayers and inhibit amyloid–lipid interactions, such as the aminosterols, squalamine and trodusquamine, cholesterol, ubiquinone, and select polyphenols, are discussed. Such a strategy would provide a novel approach to counter a wide range of toxic biomolecules implicit in numerous human amyloid pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomembrane Models for Studying Interactions with Bio-/Molecules)

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16 pages, 48253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ Separation Properties of PES/SAPO-34 Membranes Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Additives

by Jonathan S. Cardoso, Zhi Lin, Paulo Brito and Licínio M. Gando-Ferreira

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110230 - 5 Nov 2024

CO₂ separation is an important environmental method mainly used in reducing CO₂ emissions to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. The use of mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) arrives as a possible answer, combining the high selectivity of inorganic membranes with high permeability of organic [...] Read more.

CO₂ separation is an important environmental method mainly used in reducing CO₂ emissions to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. The use of mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) arrives as a possible answer, combining the high selectivity of inorganic membranes with high permeability of organic membranes. However, the combination of these materials is challenging due to their opposing nature, leading to poor interactions between polymeric matrix and inorganic fillers. Many additives have been tested to reduce interfacial voids, some of which showed potential in dealing with compatibility problems, but most of them lack further studies and optimization. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as IL substitutes since they are cheaper and environmentally friendly. Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents were studied as additives in polyethersulfone (PES)/SAPO-34 membranes to improve CO₂ permeability and CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity. SAPO-34 crystals of 150 nm with a high surface area and microporosity were synthesized using dry-gel methodology. The PES/SAPO-34 membranes were optimized following previous work and used in a defined composition, using 5 or 10 w/w% of DES during membrane preparation. All MMMs were characterized by their ideal gas permeability using N₂ and CO₂ pure gasses. Selected membranes were also tested using CH₄ pure gas. The results presented that 5 w/w%, in polymer mass, of ChCl–glycerol presented the best result over the synthesized membranes. An increase of 200% in CO₂ permeability maintains the CO₂/N₂ selectivity for the non-modified PES/SAPO-34 membrane. A CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 89.7 was obtained in PES/SAPO-34/ChCl-glycerol membranes containing 5 w/w% of this DES, which is an outstanding ideal separation performance for MMMs when compared to other results in the literature. FTIR analysis reiterates the presence of glycerol in the membranes prepared. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) shows that the addition of 5 w/w% of DES does not impact the membrane flexibility or polymer structure. However, in concentrations higher than 10 w/w%, the inclusion of DES could lead to high membrane rigidification without impacting the overall thermal resistance. SEM analysis of DES-enhanced membranes presented asymmetric final membranes and reaffirmed the results obtained in DMTA about rigidified structures and lower zeolite–polymer interaction with higher concentrations of DES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Gas Separation)

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5 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Celebrating Moises A. Carreon: Special Edition Tribute to an Innovator in Membranes and Materials Science Research

by Surendar R. Venna

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110229 - 5 Nov 2024

Professor Moises A [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Dr. Moises Carreon)

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12 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessReview

Perspectives and State of the Art of Membrane Separation Technology as a Key Element in the Development of Hydrogen Economy

by M. Olga Guerrero-Pérez

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110228 - 30 Oct 2024

Due to the objectives established by the European Union and other countries, hydrogen production will be a key technology in the coming decades. There are several starting materials and procedures for its production. All methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the improvements in [...] Read more.

Due to the objectives established by the European Union and other countries, hydrogen production will be a key technology in the coming decades. There are several starting materials and procedures for its production. All methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the improvements in their performance and decreases in operational costs will be decisive in determining which of them is implemented. For all cases, including for the storage and transport of hydrogen, membranes determine the performance of the process, as well as the operational costs. The present contribution summarizes the most recent membrane technologies for the main methods of hydrogen production, including the challenges to overcome in each case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Dr. Moises Carreon)

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18 pages, 4578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Membrane Fouling in Abattoir Wastewater Treatment: Integration of Pretreatment Step with Zwitterion Modified Graphene Oxide–Polyethersulfone Composite Membranes

by Meladi L. Motloutsi, Funeka Matebese, Mxolisi M. Motsa, Muthumuni Managa and Richard M. Moutloali

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110227 - 30 Oct 2024

Composite polyethersulfone (PES) membranes containing N-aminoethyl piperazine propane sulfonate (AEPPS)-modified graphene oxide (GO) were integrated with either of the two pretreatment processes (activated carbon (AC) adsorption or polyelectrolyte coagulation) to assess their effectiveness in mitigating membrane fouling during the treatment of abattoir wastewater. [...] Read more.

Composite polyethersulfone (PES) membranes containing N-aminoethyl piperazine propane sulfonate (AEPPS)-modified graphene oxide (GO) were integrated with either of the two pretreatment processes (activated carbon (AC) adsorption or polyelectrolyte coagulation) to assess their effectiveness in mitigating membrane fouling during the treatment of abattoir wastewater. The AEPPS@GO-modified membranes, as compared to the pristine PES membranes, showed improved hydrophilicity, with water uptake increasing from 72 to 118%, surface porosity increasing from 2.34 to 27%, and pure water flux (PWF) increasing from 235 to 673 L.m⁻²h⁻¹. The modified membranes presented improved antifouling properties, with the flux recovery ratio (FRR) increasing from 59.5 to 93.3%. This study compared the effectiveness of the two pretreatment processes, AC, coagulation, and the integrated system (coagulation/AC-UF membrane), in the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and improvement of abattoir wastewater’s pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, and turbidity. The integrated systems produced improved water quality in terms of pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, and organic content. The fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (FEEM) analysis exhibited almost no fluorescence peak post-treatment following organic loading removal. The quality of the water met the South African non-potable water reuse standards. The sole membrane treatment systems exhibited good fouling resistance without the pretreatment systems; however, integrating these systems can offer extended longer filtration periods, thereby assisting in cost aspects of the abattoir wastewater treatment system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)

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15 pages, 7568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Analysis of Amine Functionalization in Zwitterionized Polyether Sulfone Dialysis Membranes

by Simin Nazari, Arash Mollahosseini and Amira Abdelrasoul

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110226 - 29 Oct 2024

Hemodialysis is a critical treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who lack kidney transplant options. The compatibility of hemodialysis membranes is vital, as incompatibility can trigger inflammation, coagulation, and immune responses, potentially increasing morbidity and mortality among patients with ESRD. This [...] Read more.

Hemodialysis is a critical treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who lack kidney transplant options. The compatibility of hemodialysis membranes is vital, as incompatibility can trigger inflammation, coagulation, and immune responses, potentially increasing morbidity and mortality among patients with ESRD. This study employed molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and molecular docking to assess the hemocompatible properties of Polyether Sulfone (PES) membranes modified via two distinct amine functionalization techniques. The molecular docking results demonstrated that side amine functionalization exhibited a lower affinity energy (−7.6) for fibrinogen compared to the middle amine functionalization (−8.2), suggesting enhanced antifouling properties and superior hemocompatibility. Additionally, side amine functionalization formed hydrogen bonds with four amino acids, enhancing its resistance to protein adhesion compared to three amino acids in the middle amine structure. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulations revealed differences in water mobility, with the side amine functionalized membranes showing a lower mobility value (9.74 × 10⁻⁷) than those treated with the middle amine method (9.85 × 10⁻⁷), indicating higher water stability and potentially better patient outcomes. This study’s findings contribute to the design of more efficient and safer hemodialysis treatments by optimizing membrane materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Membrane Separation)

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16 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Study of the Influence of Electroconvection on the Efficiency of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Modes in ED Desalination

by Victor Nikonenko, Aminat Uzdenova, Anna Kovalenko and Makhamet Urtenov

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110225 - 27 Oct 2024

Pulsed electric field (PEF) modes of electrodialysis (ED) are known for their efficiency in mitigating the fouling of ion-exchange membranes. Many authors have also reported the possibility of increasing the mass transfer/desalination rate and reducing energy costs. In the literature, such possibilities were [...] Read more.

Pulsed electric field (PEF) modes of electrodialysis (ED) are known for their efficiency in mitigating the fouling of ion-exchange membranes. Many authors have also reported the possibility of increasing the mass transfer/desalination rate and reducing energy costs. In the literature, such possibilities were theoretically studied using 1D modeling, which, however, did not consider the effect of electroconvection. In this paper, the analysis of the ED desalination characteristics of PEF modes is carried out based on a 2D mathematical model including the Nernst–Planck–Poisson and Navier–Stokes equations. Three PEF modes are considered: galvanodynamic (pulses of constant electric current alternate with zero current pauses), potentiodynamic (pulses of constant voltage alternate with zero voltage pauses), and mixed galvanopotentiodynamic (pulses of constant voltage alternate with zero current pauses) modes. It is found that at overlimiting currents, in accordance with previous papers, in the range of relatively low frequencies, the mass transfer rate increases and the energy consumption decreases with increasing frequency. However, in the range of high frequencies, the tendency changes to the opposite. Thus, the best characteristics are obtained at a frequency close to 1 Hz. At higher frequencies, the pulse duration is too short, and electroconvective vortices, enhancing mass transfer, do not have time to develop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)

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34 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Various Separation Applications: State of the Art and Future Prospects

by Bhoga Arundhathi, Manideep Pabba, Shrisha S. Raj, Nivedita Sahu and Sundergopal Sridhar

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110224 - 25 Oct 2024

Integrating nanomaterials into membranes has revolutionized selective transport processes, offering enhanced properties and functionalities. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) are nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) that incorporate inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) into organic polymeric matrices, augmenting mechanical strength, thermal stability, separation performance, and antifouling characteristics. Various synthesis methods, [...] Read more.

Integrating nanomaterials into membranes has revolutionized selective transport processes, offering enhanced properties and functionalities. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) are nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) that incorporate inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) into organic polymeric matrices, augmenting mechanical strength, thermal stability, separation performance, and antifouling characteristics. Various synthesis methods, like phase inversion, layer-by-layer assembly, electrospinning, and surface modification, enable the production of tailored MMMs. A trade-off exists between selectivity and flux in pristine polymer membranes or plain inorganic ceramic/zeolite membranes. In contrast, in MMMs, NPs exert a profound influence on membrane performance, enhancing both permeability and selectivity simultaneously, besides exhibiting profound antibacterial efficacy. Membranes reported in this work find application in diverse separation processes, notably in niche membrane-based applications, by addressing challenges such as membrane fouling and degradation, low flux, and selectivity, besides poor rejection properties. This review comprehensively surveys recent advances in nanoparticle-integrated polymeric membranes across various fields of water purification, heavy metal removal, dye degradation, gaseous separation, pervaporation (PV), fuel cells (FC), and desalination. Efforts have been made to underscore the role of nanomaterials in advancing environmental remediation efforts and addressing drinking water quality concerns through interesting case studies reported in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Processes in a Circular Economy: Opportunities and Challenges)

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19 pages, 2013 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of ABCB1, ABCG2, and SLC Transporters in Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Selected Drugs and Their Involvement in Drug–Drug Interactions

by Kajetan Kiełbowski, Małgorzata Król, Estera Bakinowska and Andrzej Pawlik

Membranes 2024, 14(11), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110223 - 24 Oct 2024

Membrane transporters are expressed in a wide range of tissues in the human organism. These proteins regulate the penetration of various substances such as simple ions, xenobiotics, and an extensive number of therapeutics. ABC and SLC drug transporters play a crucial role in [...] Read more.

Membrane transporters are expressed in a wide range of tissues in the human organism. These proteins regulate the penetration of various substances such as simple ions, xenobiotics, and an extensive number of therapeutics. ABC and SLC drug transporters play a crucial role in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Recent decades have shown their contribution to the systemic exposure and tissue penetration of numerous drugs, thereby having an impact on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Importantly, the activity and expression of these transporters depend on numerous conditions, including intestinal microbiome profiles or health conditions. Moreover, the combined intake of other drugs or natural agents further affects the functionality of these proteins. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of ABC and SLC transporters in drug disposition. Moreover, we will present current evidence of the potential role of drug transporters as therapeutic targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomembrane Models for Studying Interactions with Bio-/Molecules)

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19 pages, 8621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of TiO₂/ZrO₂-Modified Nanocomposite PES Membrane for Improved Permeability of Textile Dye in Water

by Sibukiso Thobani Nhlengethwa, Charmaine Sesethu Tshangana, Bhekie Brilliance Mamba and Adolph Anga Muleja

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100222 - 21 Oct 2024

This study investigates the modification of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with 1 wt% titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) and a nanocomposite of TiO₂/ZrO₂. The aim was to efficiently remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from water using [...] Read more.

This study investigates the modification of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with 1 wt% titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) and a nanocomposite of TiO₂/ZrO₂. The aim was to efficiently remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from water using a threefold approach of adsorption, filtration and photodegradation. Among the modified membranes (TiO₂, ZrO₂ and TiO₂/ZrO₂), the TiO₂/ZrO₂-PES nanocomposite membrane showed a better performance in rejection of RhB than other membranes with the rejection efficiency of 96.5%. The TiO₂/ZrO₂-PES membrane was found to possess a thicker selective layer and reduced mean pore radius, which contributed to its improved rejection. The TiO₂/ZrO₂ nanocomposite membrane also showed high bulk porosity and a slightly lower contact angle of 69.88° compared to pristine PES with a value of 73°, indicating an improvement in hydrophilicity. Additionally, the TiO₂/ZrO₂-PES nanocomposite membrane demonstrated a relatively lower surface roughness (Sa) of 8.53 nm, which offers the membrane antifouling properties. The TiO₂/ZrO₂-PES membrane showed flux recovery ratio (FRR), total fouling (R_t), reversible fouling (R_r) and irreversible fouling (R_ir) of 48.0%, 88.7%, 36,8% and 52.9%, respectively. For the photocatalytic degradation performance, the removal efficiency of RhB followed this order TiO₂ > TiO₂/ZrO₂ > ZrO₂ (87.6%, 85.7%, 67.8%). The tensile strength and elongation were found to be compromised with the addition of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. This indicates the necessity to further modify and optimise membrane fabrication to achieve improved mechanical strength of the membranes. At low pressure, the overall findings suggest that the TiO₂/ZrO₂ nanocomposite has the potential to offer significant improvements in membrane performance (water flux) compared to other modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Nanocomposite Membrane Applications)

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87 pages, 5867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fouling of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes by Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds (LMWOCs), Part 1: Fundamentals and Mechanism

by Yasushi Maeda

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100221 - 17 Oct 2024

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are ubiquitous technologies in modern water treatment, finding applications across various sectors. However, the availability of high-quality water suitable for RO/NF feed is diminishing due to droughts caused by global warming, increasing demand, and water pollution. As [...] Read more.

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are ubiquitous technologies in modern water treatment, finding applications across various sectors. However, the availability of high-quality water suitable for RO/NF feed is diminishing due to droughts caused by global warming, increasing demand, and water pollution. As concerns grow over the depletion of precious freshwater resources, a global movement is gaining momentum to utilize previously overlooked or challenging water sources, collectively known as “marginal water”. Fouling is a serious concern when treating marginal water. In RO/NF, biofouling, organic and colloidal fouling, and scaling are particularly problematic. Of these, organic fouling, along with biofouling, has been considered difficult to manage. The major organic foulants studied are natural organic matter (NOM) for surface water and groundwater and effluent organic matter (EfOM) for municipal wastewater reuse. Polymeric substances such as sodium alginate, humic acid, and proteins have been used as model substances of EfOM. Fouling by low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) such as surfactants, phenolics, and plasticizers is known, but there have been few comprehensive reports. This review aims to shed light on fouling behavior by LMWOCs and its mechanism. LMWOC foulants reported so far are summarized, and the role of LMWOCs is also outlined for other polymeric membranes, e.g., UF, gas separation membranes, etc. Regarding the mechanism of fouling, it is explained that the fouling is caused by the strong interaction between LMWOC and the membrane, which causes the water permeation to be hindered by LMWOCs adsorbed on the membrane surface (surface fouling) and sorbed inside the membrane pores (internal fouling). Adsorption amounts and flow loss caused by the LMWOC fouling were well correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P). In part 2, countermeasures to solve this problem and applications using the LMWOCs will be outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Featured Reviews in Membrane Science)

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21 pages, 3811 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Cholesterol on Membrane Targeted Bioactive Peptides: Modulating Peptide Activity Through Changes in Bilayer Biophysical Properties

by Juan M. Giraldo-Lorza, Chad Leidy and Marcela Manrique-Moreno

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100220 - 17 Oct 2024

Cholesterol is a biological molecule that is essential for cellular life. It has unique features in terms of molecular structure and function, and plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of cell membranes. One of the most recognized functions of [...] Read more.

Cholesterol is a biological molecule that is essential for cellular life. It has unique features in terms of molecular structure and function, and plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of cell membranes. One of the most recognized functions of cholesterol is its ability to increase the level of lipid packing and rigidity of biological membranes while maintaining high levels of lateral mobility of the bulk lipids, which is necessary to sustain biochemical signaling events. There is increased interest in designing bioactive peptides that can act as effective antimicrobial agents without causing harm to human cells. For this reason, it becomes relevant to understand how cholesterol can affect the interaction between bioactive peptides and lipid membranes, in particular by modulating the peptides’ ability to penetrate and disrupt the membranes through these changes in membrane rigidity. Here we discuss cholesterol and its role in modulating lipid bilayer properties and discuss recent evidence showing how cholesterol modulates bioactive peptides to different degrees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomembrane Models for Studying Interactions with Bio-/Molecules)

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20 pages, 8512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting in Oxygen Membrane Reactors

by Kai Bittner, Nikolaos Margaritis, Falk Schulze-Küppers, Jörg Wolters and Ghaleb Natour

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100219 - 17 Oct 2024

The utilization of oxygen transport membranes enables the production of high-purity hydrogen by the thermal decomposition of water below 1000 °C. This process is based on a chemical potential gradient across the membrane, which is usually achieved by introducing a reducing gas. Computational [...] Read more.

The utilization of oxygen transport membranes enables the production of high-purity hydrogen by the thermal decomposition of water below 1000 °C. This process is based on a chemical potential gradient across the membrane, which is usually achieved by introducing a reducing gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to model reactors based on this concept. In this study, a modelling approach for water splitting is presented in which oxygen transport through the membrane acts as the rate-determining process for the overall reaction. This transport step is implemented in the CFD simulation. Both gas compartments are modelled in the simulations. Hydrogen and methane are used as reducing gases. The model is validated using experimental data from the literature and compared with a simplified perfect mixing modelling approach. Although the main focus of this work is to propose an approach to implement the water splitting in CFD simulations, a simulation study was conducted to exemplify how CFD modelling can be utilized in design optimization. Simplified 2-dimensional and rotational symmetric reactor geometries were compared. This study shows that a parallel overflow of the membrane in an elongated reactor is advantageous, as this reduces the back diffusion of the reaction products, which increases the mean driving force for oxygen transport through the membrane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Gas Separation)

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19 pages, 4385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Type-Specific Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Effects of Punica granatum L. Ellagitannins

by Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek, Szymon Sekowski, Iga Mierzwinska, Izabela Zukowska, Nodira Abdulladjanova, Vadim Shlyonsky and Maria Zamaraeva

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100218 - 15 Oct 2024

Pomegranate and its by-products contain a broad spectrum of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins, having pleiotropic preventive and prophylactic properties in health disorders related to oxidative stress and microbial contamination. Here, we examined the biological effects of a pomegranate peel [...] Read more.

Pomegranate and its by-products contain a broad spectrum of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins, having pleiotropic preventive and prophylactic properties in health disorders related to oxidative stress and microbial contamination. Here, we examined the biological effects of a pomegranate peel ellagitannins-enriched (>90%) extract, PETE. In vitro studies revealed that PETE has a strong antiradical action towards synthetic radicals and biologically relevant ROS surpassing or comparable to that of Trolox. In cellular models, it showed concentration-dependent (25–100 µg/mL) yet opposing effects depending on the cell membrane type and exposure conditions. In erythrocytes, PETE protected membrane integrity in the presence of the strong oxidant HClO and restored reduced glutathione levels to up to 85% of the control value while having much weaker acute and long-term intrinsic effects. Such protection persisted even after the removal of the extract from cells, indicating strong membrane interaction. In HeLa cancer cells, and at concentrations lower than those used for red blood cells, PETE induced robust potentiation of ROS production and mitochondrial potential dissipation, leading to autophagy-like membrane morphology changes and cell death. In S. aureus, the growth arrest and bacterial death in the presence of PETE (with MIC = 31.25 µg/mL and MBC = 125 µg/mL, respectively) can be linked to the tripled ROS induction by the extract in the same concentration range. This study indicates a specificity of ROS production by the pomegranate extract depending on the type of cell, the concentration of the extract and the time of incubation. This specificity witnesses a strong potential of the extract components as candidates in antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)

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35 pages, 26525 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficient Removal of PFASs Using Photocatalysis, Membrane Separation and Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors

by Nonhle Siphelele Neliswa Mabaso, Charmaine Sesethu Tshangana and Adolph Anga Muleja

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100217 - 14 Oct 2024

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent compounds characterized by stable C−F bonds giving them high thermal and chemical stability. Numerous studies have highlighted the presence of PFASs in the environment, surface waters and animals and humans. Exposure to these chemicals has been [...] Read more.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent compounds characterized by stable C−F bonds giving them high thermal and chemical stability. Numerous studies have highlighted the presence of PFASs in the environment, surface waters and animals and humans. Exposure to these chemicals has been found to cause various health effects and has necessitated the need to develop methods to remove them from the environment. To date, the use of photocatalytic degradation and membrane separation to remove PFASs from water has been widely studied; however, these methods have drawbacks hindering them from being applied at full scale, including the recovery of the photocatalyst, uneven light distribution and membrane fouling. Therefore, to overcome some of these challenges, there has been research involving the coupling of photocatalysis and membrane separation to form photocatalytic membrane reactors which facilitate in the recovery of the photocatalyst, ensuring even light distribution and mitigating fouling. This review not only highlights recent advancements in the removal of PFASs using photocatalysis and membrane separation but also provides comprehensive information on the integration of photocatalysis and membrane separation to form photocatalytic membrane reactors. It emphasizes the performance of immobilized and slurry systems in PFAS removal while also addressing the associated challenges and offering recommendations for improvement. Factors influencing the performance of these methods will be comprehensively discussed, as well as the nanomaterials used for each technology. Additionally, knowledge gaps regarding the removal of PFASs using integrated photocatalytic membrane systems will be addressed, along with a comprehensive discussion on how these technologies can be applied in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)

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10 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Growth of ZIF-8 Membranes on GO-Coated α-Alumina Supports via ZnO Atomic Layer Deposition for Improved Gas Separation

by Nahyeon Lee, Yun-Ho Ahn, Jaheon Kim and Kiwon Eum

Membranes 2024, 14(10), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14100216 - 14 Oct 2024

This study presents a novel approach for fabricating ZIF-8 membranes supported on α-alumina hollow fibers through the introduction of a graphene oxide (GO) gutter layer and the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The method successfully addressed key challenges, including [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel approach for fabricating ZIF-8 membranes supported on α-alumina hollow fibers through the introduction of a graphene oxide (GO) gutter layer and the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The method successfully addressed key challenges, including excessive precursor penetration and membrane thickness. The introduction of the GO layer and subsequent ZnO ALD treatment significantly reduced membrane thickness to approximately 300 nm and eliminated delamination issues between the GO layer and the alumina support. The optimized membranes demonstrated enhanced propylene permeance, with values approximately three times higher than those of membranes without GO, and achieved higher separation factors, indicating minimal inter-crystalline defects. Notably, the GO layer influenced the microstructure, leading to an increase in permeance with rising temperatures. These findings highlight the potential of this strategy for developing high-performance ZIF-8 membranes for gas separation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separation)

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