Small Indian civet

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Small Indian civet
Small Indian Civet, Silchar, Assam, India.jpg
In Silchar, Assam, India
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Viverridae
Genus: Viverricula
Hodgson, 1838
Species:
V. indica
Binomial name
Viverricula indica
Subspecies
List
  • V. i. indica(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
  • V. i. pallida(Gray, 1831)
  • V. i. bengalensis(Gray and Hardwicke, 1832)
  • V. i. deserti(Bonhote, 1898)
  • V. i. thai(Kloss, 1919)
  • V. i. muriavensis(Sody, 1931)
  • V. i. mayori(Pocock, 1933)
  • V. i. wellsi(Pocock, 1933)
  • V. i. baptistæ(Pocock, 1933)
Small Indian Civet area.png
Small Indian civet range
(green - extant,
pink - probably extant)

The small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) is a civet native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states. [1]

This is the only species in genus Viverricula. [2]

Characteristics

The small Indian civet has a rather coarse fur that is brownish grey to pale yellowish brown, with usually several longitudinal black or brown bands on the back and longitudinal rows of spots on the sides. Usually there are five or six distinct bands on the back and four or five rows of spots on each side. Some have indistinct lines and spots, with the dorsal bands wanting. Generally there are two dark stripes from behind the ear to the shoulders, and often a third in front, crossing the throat. Its underfur is brown or grey, often grey on the upper parts of the body and brown on the lower. The grey hairs on the upper parts are often tipped with black. The head is grey or brownish grey, the chin often brown. The ears are short and rounded with a dusky mark behind each ear, and one in front of each eye. The feet are brown or black. Its tail has alternating black and whitish rings, seven to nine of each colour. It is 53–58 cm (21–23 in) from head to body with a 38–43 cm (15–17 in) long tapering tail. [2]

Distribution and habitat

The Small Indian civet occurs in most of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, south and central China, and Taiwan. Recent records are not known in Bhutan, Bangladesh, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Bali, where it was historically recorded. Its current status in Singapore is unclear. [1] It is widely distributed in Chitwan National Park, both grasslands and Sal (Shorea robusta) forest. [3] In 2008, a small Indian civet was recorded for the first time in Dachigam National Park at an elevation of 1,770 m (5,810 ft) in a riverine forest. [4] In northeast India, it was recorded up to an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). [5] In Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, it was recorded foremost in grassland, riverine areas and sighted near a tea plantation during surveys in 2002. [6] In India's Western Ghats, small Indian civets were observed in Anamalai and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserves, and in Parambikulam and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuaries during surveys in 2008. [7] In Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, it was recorded in deciduous forest, semi-evergreen and thorn forests, and in the dry season also at a water hole near a village. [8]

In Myanmar, it was recorded in mixed deciduous and bamboo forests in Hlawga National Park. [9] [10] In Hukawng Valley, it was recorded in grasslands and edges of forests at 240–580 m (790–1,900 ft) elevation during surveys between 2001 and 2003. In Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, it was also recorded in a close tall forest in 1999. [11]

In Thailand, small Indian civets were recorded in Kaeng Krachan and Khao Yai National Parks, in evergreen gallery forest of Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, in secondary and dipterocarp forest of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, and in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary at 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 ft) altitude in deciduous forest. [12]

In Laos, small Indian civets were recorded in a variety of habitats including semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, bamboo forest, scrubby areas, grasslands and riverine habitat. [13] In Cambodia's Cardamom Mountains, small Indian civets were recorded in deciduous dipterocarp forests, often close to water bodies and in marshes during surveys conducted between 2000 and 2009. [14] Records in eastern Cambodia were obtained mostly in semi-evergreen forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Protected Forest, but also in deciduous diptertocarp forests in Siem Pang Protected Forest, Snoul Wildlife Sanctuary, Virachey National Park and Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary. [15] [16]

In China's Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, it was recorded in subtropical forest patches during interview and camera-trapping surveys carried out between 1997 and 2005. [17]

Occurrence in East Africa

The Small Indian civet was introduced to Madagascar. Feral small Indian civets were recorded in Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar, in an unprotected dry deciduous forest near Mariarano in northwestern Madagascar, and in Masoala−Makira protected areas in the island's northeast. [18] [19] [20] It was also introduced to Pemba Island and Mafia Island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, where it used to be kept for its musk, which is added to traditional African medicine and as a scent to perfume. [21] [22]

Behaviour and ecology

The small Indian civet is a nocturnal hunter. Small Indian Civet.jpg
The small Indian civet is a nocturnal hunter.

Small Indian civets are nocturnal, mostly terrestrial and insectivorous. [6] They inhabit holes in the ground, under rocks or in thick bush. [2] Occasionally, pairs are formed (for mating and hunting). In areas not disturbed by humans, they have been reported to sometimes also hunt by day. Small Indian civets are primarily terrestrial, though they also climb well. Individuals sleep in burrows or hollow logs. They can dig their own burrows, but also occupy abandoned burrows of other species. In suburban habitats they use gutters or other hollow, dark spaces as makeshift burrows. [23]

Diet

The small Indian civets feed on rats, mice, birds, snakes, fruit, roots and carrion. [24] Some individuals were observed while carrying off poultry. [2] [9]

Reproduction

The female has usually four or five young at a birth. [2] Captive small Indian civets in Kerala were observed to mate in March to May and October to December. Mean gestation lasts 65 to 69 days. Kittens weigh between 90 and 110 g (3.2 and 3.9 oz) at birth and open their eyes after five days. They reach 1,000 g (35 oz) at the age of ten weeks. [25] The life span in captivity is eight to nine years. [24]

Conservation

Viverricula indica is listed on CITES Appendix III. [1] In Myanmar, it is totally protected under the Wildlife Act of 1994. [9]

Taxonomy and evolution

Civetta indica was the scientific name given to the species by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803 when he described a small Indian civet skin from India in the collection of the French Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. [26] Viverricula was the generic name introduced by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1838 when he described new mammal genera and species collected in Nepal. [27] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following scientific names were proposed:

Pocock subordinated them all as subspecies to Viverricula indica when he reviewed civet skins and skulls in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. [37]

The following subspecies were considered valid taxa as of 2005: [38]

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic study showed that the small Indian civet is closely related to the genera Civettictis and Viverra . It was estimated that the Civettictis-Viverra clade diverged from Viverricula around 16.2 million years ago. The authors suggested that the subfamily Viverrinae should be bifurcated into Genettinae including Poiana and Genetta , and Viverrinae including Civettictis, Viverra and Viverricula. The following cladogram is based on this study. [41]

Viverrinae

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)

African civet (Civettictis civetta)

Viverra

Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha)

Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)

Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)

sensu stricto
Genettinae

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viverridae</span> Family of carnivorans

Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized, feliform mammals. The viverrids comprise 33 species placed in 14 genera. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821. Viverrids occur all over Africa, southern Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, across the Wallace Line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian palm civet</span> Species of viverrid

The Asian palm civet, also called common palm civet, toddy cat and musang, is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. Since 2008, it is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern as it accommodates to a broad range of habitats. It is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining. In Indonesia, it is threatened by poaching and illegal wildlife trade; buyers use it for the increasing production of kopi luwak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African palm civet</span> Species of carnivore

The African palm civet, also known as the two-spotted palm civet, is a small feliform mammal widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African civet</span> Species of carnivore

The African civet is a large viverrid native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is considered common and widely distributed in woodlands and secondary forests. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008. In some countries, it is threatened by hunting, and wild-caught individuals are kept for producing civetone for the perfume industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malabar large-spotted civet</span> Species of carnivore

The Malabar large-spotted civet, also known as the Malabar civet, is a viverrid endemic to the Western Ghats of India. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List as the population is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals. It has not been recorded during surveys carried out between 1990 and 2014. In the early 1990s, isolated populations still survived in less disturbed areas of South Malabar but were seriously threatened by habitat destruction and hunting outside protected areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malagasy civet</span> Species of carnivore

The Malagasy or striped civet, also known as the fanaloka or jabady, is an euplerid endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species in genus Fossa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern falanouc</span> Species of carnivore

The eastern falanouc is a rare mongoose-like mammal in the carnivoran family Eupleridae endemic to Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banded palm civet</span> Species of carnivore

The banded palm civet, also called the banded civet, is a viverrid native to Indomalaya. They primarily inhabit lowland conifer habitat, which is under threat from encroaching human activity. It is estimated the population of the banded palm civet has decreased by around 30% in just three generations. Banded palm civets are usually approximately the size of a domestic cat; their fur is pale but with dark bands on the back. They are believed to be closely related to Hose's palm civets, which are similar in appearance and distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked palm civet</span> Species of carnivore

The masked palm civet, also called the gem-faced civet or Himalayan palm civet, is a viverrid species native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008 as it occurs in many protected areas, is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification, and widely distributed with presumed large populations that are unlikely to be declining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large-spotted civet</span> Species of carnivore

The large-spotted civet is a viverrid native to Southeast Asia that is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malayan civet</span> Species of carnivore

The Malayan civet, also known as the Malay civet and Oriental civet, is a viverrid native to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, the Riau Archipelago, and the Philippines. It is listed as "Least Concern" by IUCN as it is a relatively widely distributed, appears to be tolerant of degraded habitats, and occurs in a number of protected areas.

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The large Indian civet is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. The global population is thought to be decreasing due to hunting and trapping driven by the demand for bushmeat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javan mongoose</span> Species of mongoose from Asia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Binturong</span> Asian mammal also known as a bearcat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary</span> Wildlife sanctuary in northern Myanmar

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  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). "Genus Viverricula Hodgson". Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Second ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 282–283.
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