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Rice flour (also rice powder) is a form of flour made from finely milled rice. It is distinct from rice starch, which is usually produced by steeping rice in lye. Rice flour is a common substitute for wheat flour. It is also used as a thickening agent in recipes that are refrigerated or frozen since it inhibits liquid separation.
Rice flour may be made from either white rice, brown rice or glutinous rice. To make the flour, the husk of rice or paddy is removed and raw rice is obtained, which is then ground to flour.
Rice flour can be made from indica, japonica, and wild rice varieties. Usually, rice flour (Chinese :米粉; pinyin :mǐfěn, Japanese : 米粉, romanized: komeko, Korean : 쌀가루, romanized: ssal-garu, Vietnamese : bột gạo, Thai : แป้งข้าวเจ้า, romanized: paeng khao chao, Lao : ແປ້ງເຂົ້າຈ້າວ, romanized: pèng khao chao, Khmer : ម្សៅអង្ករ, romanized: msau ângkâ, Burmese : ဆန်မှုန့်, romanized: hcan hmun, Malay : tepung beras, Turkish : pirinç) refers to flour made from non-glutinous white rice.
When made with glutinous rice (or sweet rice), [1] it is called glutinous rice flour or sweet rice flour (Chinese :糯米粉; pinyin :nuòmǐ fěn, Japanese: 白玉粉 [ ja ]; romanized: shiratamako, Korean : 찹쌀가루, romanized: chapssal-garu). [2] In Japan, the glutinous rice flour produced from ground cooked glutinous rice, used to make mochi, is called mochigomeko (Japanese : もち米粉, or mochiko for short). [3] In comparison to the glutinous rice flour, non-glutinous rice flour (Chinese :粘米粉; pinyin :zhānmǐ fěn, Japanese: 上新粉 [ ja ]; romanized: jōshinko, Korean : 멥쌀가루, romanized: mepssal-garu) can be specified as so. [3]
When made with brown rice with only the inedible outer hull removed, it is called brown rice flour (Chinese :糙米粉; pinyin :cāomǐ fěn, Korean : 현미가루, romanized: hyeonmi-garu). Flour made from black, red, and green rice are each called as black rice flour (Korean : 흑미가루, romanized: heungmi-garu), red rice flour (Korean : 홍미가루, romanized: hongmi-garu), green rice flour (Korean : 녹미가루, romanized: nongmi-garu). In comparison to brown rice flour, white rice flour (Chinese :白米粉; pinyin :báimǐ fěn, Korean : 백미가루, romanized: baengmi-garu) can be specified as so.
Different milling methods also produce different types of rice flour. Rice flour can be dry-milled from dry rice grains, or wet-milled from rice grains that were soaked in water prior to milling. [4] Usually, "rice flour" refers to dry-milled rice flour (Korean : 건식 쌀가루, romanized: geonsik ssal-garu), which can be stored on a shelf. In Korea, wet-milled rice flour (Korean : 습식 쌀가루, romanized: seupsik ssal-garu) is made from rice that was soaked in water, drained, ground using a stone-mill, and then optionally sifted. [4] Like moderately moist sand, wet-milled rice flour forms an easily breakable lump when squeezed with hand. It is usually stored in freezer. In the Philippines, rice flour is not traditionally prepared dry. Rather it is made by first soaking uncooked glutinous rice overnight (usually allowing it to slightly ferment) then grinding the results (traditionally with stone mills) into a rich and smooth viscous rice dough known as galapóng .
Rice flour can be used to make confections like rice cakes, macaroons and some types of buns due to the texture and flavor it lends the finished products. It is also used for dusting confections in a manner similar to powdered sugar. [5]
In China, rice flour is used to made foods like jian dui , tangyuan , nian gao , qingtuan , and yuanxiao .
In Japan, cooked glutinous rice flour, called mochigomeko (or mochiko for short) is used to create mochi, dango or as a thickener for sauces. [2] [3] Uncooked glutinous rice flour shiratamako is often used to produce confectioneries. [3] The non-glutinous rice flour jōshinko is primarily used for creating confectioneries. [3]
In Korea, rice flour made from different rice varieties and with different milling methods are used for different types of tteok (rice cakes) and hangwa (confections). Glutinous rice flour chapssal-garu is used for making chapssal-tteok (glutinous rice cakes), gochujang (chili paste), as well as rice glue for kimchi. Non-glutinous rice flour can also be used to make porridge- or gruel-like dishes such as beombeok, juk , mieum , and dangsu.
In the Philippines, glutinous rice dough galapóng is the basis for numerous types of native rice cakes and desserts ( kakanin ). Depending on the dish, coconut milk (gata), wood ash lye, and various other ingredients may be added to the galapóng. The galapóng can be prepared baked, steamed, boiled, or fried, resulting in dishes like puto or bibingka . [6]
In South India, rice flour is used for dishes like dosa, puttu, Chakkuli [7] golibaje (mangalore bajji) and kori rotti. It is also mixed with wheat, millet, other cereal flours, and sometimes dried fruits or vegetables to make manni, a kind of baby food.[ citation needed ]. Rice flour is used to make bhakari in the Konkan region in western India.
In Bangladesh, rice flour is a regular ingredient. In Bengali and Assamese cuisine of eastern India, it is used in making roti and desserts such as sandesh and pitha (rice cakes or pancakes which are sometimes steamed, deep fried or pan fried and served along with grated coconut, sesame seeds, jaggery and chashni). It is also used in making Kheer (a common dessert in Indian subcontinent).
In Sri Lanka, it is used in making many household food products. It is used in making food products such as pittu, appa (hoppers), indi appa (string hoppers) and sweets such as kewum, kokis, athirasa and many more. Also it can be used in making bread and other bakery products.
In Nepal, Newars use rice flour to make yomari and chataamari. Sel roti is another popular rice flour based food commonly eaten in Nepal and in the Sikkim and Darjeeling regions of India. Sel roti is known as Shinghal in Kumaon.
Rice flour is also used in the Central American dish pupusas as a substitute for regular flour.
Rice flour is used in the cosmetics industry.
Brown rice flour can be combined with vermiculite for use as a substrate for the cultivation of mushrooms. Hard cakes of colonised substrate can then be fruited in a humid container. This method is often (though not always) employed by growers of edible mushrooms, as it is a very simple and low-cost method of growing mushrooms.[ citation needed ]
A mochi is a Japanese rice cake made of mochigome (もち米), a short-grain japonica glutinous rice, and sometimes other ingredients such as water, sugar, and cornstarch. The steamed rice is pounded into paste and molded into the desired shape. In Japan, it is traditionally made in a ceremony called mochitsuki. While eaten year-round, mochi is a traditional food for the Japanese New Year, and is commonly sold and eaten during that time.
Glutinous rice is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast East Asia, the northeastern regions of India and Bhutan which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.
Malay cuisine is the traditional food of the ethnic Malays of Southeast Asia, residing in modern-day Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand and the Philippines as well as Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Sri Lanka and South Africa.
Kuih are bite-sized snack or dessert foods commonly found in Southeast Asia and China. It is a fairly broad term which may include items that would be called cakes, cookies, dumplings, pudding, biscuits, or pastries in English and are usually made from rice or glutinous rice. In China, where the term originates from, kueh or koé (粿) in the Min Nan languages refers to snacks which are typically made from rice but can occasionally be made from other grains such as wheat. The term kuih is widely used in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, kueh is used in Singapore and Indonesia, kue is used in Indonesia only, all three refer to sweet or savoury desserts.
Nian gao, sometimes translated as year cake or New Year cake or Chinese New Year's cake, is a food prepared from glutinous rice flour and consumed in Chinese cuisine. It is also simply known as "rice cake". While it can be eaten all year round, traditionally it is most popular during the Chinese New Year. It is considered good luck to eat nian gao during this time of the year because nian gao (年糕) is a homonym for "higher year" or "grow every year" (年高), which means "a more prosperous year". The character 年 is literally translated as "year", and the character 糕 (gāo) is literally translated as "cake" and is identical in sound to the character 高, meaning "tall" or "high". In Mandarin, Nian gao (年糕) also is an exact homonym of "sticky cake" (黏糕/粘糕), the character 黏/粘 (nián) meaning "sticky".
Bibingka is a type of baked rice cake in Filipino cuisine that is cooked in a terracotta oven lined with banana leaves and is usually eaten for breakfast or as merienda, especially during the Christmas season. It is also known as bingka in the Visayas and Mindanao islands.
A rice cake may be any kind of food item made from rice that has been shaped, condensed, or otherwise combined into a single object. A wide variety of rice cakes exist in many different cultures in which rice is eaten. Common variations include cakes made with rice flour, those made from ground rice, and those made from whole grains of rice compressed together or combined with some other binding substance.
Tangyuan are a traditional Chinese dessert made of glutinous rice shaped into balls that are served in a hot broth or syrup. They come in varying sizes, anything between a marble to a ping-pong ball, and are sometimes stuffed with filling. Tangyuan are traditionally eaten during the Lantern Festival, but because the name is a homophone for reunion and symbolizes togetherness and completeness, this dish is also served at weddings, family reunions, Chinese New Year, and the Dōngzhì festival.
Bing is a wheat flour-based Chinese bread with a flattened or disk-like shape. These foods may resemble the flatbreads, pancakes, pies and unleavened dough foods of non-Chinese cuisines. Many of them are similar to the Indian roti, French crêpes, Salvadoran pupusa, or Mexican tortilla, while others are more similar to cakes and cookies.
Silver needle noodle, rat noodle, bee tai bak, runny nose vermicelli or lot, giam ee (เกี้ยมอี๋) is a variety of Chinese noodle. The noodles are short, about 5 cm long and 5 mm in diameter, and white semi-transparent in colour. The noodles are available in many Chinese markets in Chinese populated areas such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore.
Hangwa is a general term for traditional Korean confections. With tteok, hangwa forms the sweet food category in Korean cuisine. Common ingredients of hangwa include grain flour, fruits and roots, sweet ingredients such as honey and yeot, and spices such as cinnamon and ginger.
Garae-tteok (가래떡) is a long, cylindrical tteok made with non-glutinous rice flour. Grilled garae-tteok is sometimes sold as street food. Thinly sliced garae-tteok is used for making tteokguk, a traditional dish eaten during the celebration of the Korean New Year. The world record of the longest garaetteok was achieved in Dangjin, South Korea in 2018, with 5,080 metres (16,670 ft).
Chapssal-tteok, also called chaltteok, is a tteok, or Korean rice cake, made of glutinous rice.
Betawi cuisine is rich, diverse and eclectic, in part because the Betawi people that create them were composed from numbers of regional immigrants that came from various places in the Indonesian archipelago, as well as Chinese, Indian, Arab, and European traders, visitors and immigrants that were attracted to the port city of Batavia since centuries ago.
Red bean paste or red bean jam, also called adzuki bean paste or anko, is a paste made of red beans, used in East Asian cuisine. The paste is prepared by boiling the beans, then mashing or grinding them. At this stage, the paste can be sweetened or left as it is. The color of the paste is usually dark red, which comes from the husk of the beans. In Korean cuisine, the adzuki beans can also be husked prior to cooking, resulting in a white paste. It is also possible to remove the husk by sieving after cooking, but before sweetening, resulting in a red paste that is smoother and more homogeneous.
Twisted doughnuts are yeast donuts or sticks of pastry made from wheat flour or glutinous rice flour, deep-fried in oil. In China, they are known as mahua (麻花); in Korea, they are known as kkwabaegi (꽈배기), and in the Philippines, they are known as shakoy and pilipit, in Japan, they are known as sakubei.
Butter mochi is a cake made from coconut milk, glutinous rice flour, and butter and is a popular dessert in Hawaiian cuisine.