Privileged partnership

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Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals, [1] often without pursuing EU membership. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

History

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit [5] and later formally proposed in 2004, [6] [7] although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia [8] and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel. [9]

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. [10] It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries [11] [12] [13] considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003, [14] and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia [15] [16] [17] and with Russia. [18]

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community. [19]

By country

Albania

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania. [10]

Algeria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria. [13]

Armenia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia. [13]

Azerbaijan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan. [13]

Belarus

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus. [13]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina. [10]

Croatia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013. [10]

Egypt

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt. [13]

North Macedonia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia. [10]

Georgia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia. [13]

Israel

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel. [9] It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel. [13]

Jordan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan. [13]

Kosovo

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo. [10]

Lebanon

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon. [13]

Libya

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya. [13]

Moldova

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova. [13]

Morocco

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco. [13]

Palestine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority. [13]

Russia

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003. [8]

Serbia and Montenegro

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro. [10]

Syria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria. [13]

Tunisia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia. [13]

Turkey

Privileged partnership (Turkish : İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004 [6] to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members. [7]

Ukraine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine. [13]

United Kingdom

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU. [20]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Knelangen, Wilhelm (1 January 2007). "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?". … Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards ….
  2. ↑ "EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy?". www.eurozine.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  3. ↑ Scott, James Wesley (2009). "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS". TRAMES. XIII (3): 232–247. ISSN   1406-0922.
  4. ↑ Kahraman, Sevilay (1 January 2005). "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT". PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs. 10 (4): 1–28. ISSN   1300-8641.
  5. ↑ Winkler, Heinrich August (13 November 2002). "EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN   0044-2070 . Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  6. 1 2 "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here [usurped]
  7. 1 2 "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here
  8. 1 2 Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  9. 1 2 "Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  11. ↑ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here
  12. ↑ Chifu, Iulian (2006). "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach". EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova (10).
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  14. ↑ Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, 2003, retrieved 31 October 2024
  15. ↑ "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here
  16. ↑ "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Milcher, Susanne; Slay, Ben; Collins, Mark (2007), Aslund, Anders; Dabrowski, Marek (eds.), "The Economic Rationale of the "European Neighbourhood Policy"", Europe after Enlargement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–188, ISBN   978-0-521-87286-7 , retrieved 31 October 2024
  19. ↑ "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here
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