The euro is widely accepted in BiH, although it has no formal approval, and the official currency of the country is the Bosnia-Herzegovina Convertible Mark
The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union (EU) is the stated aim of the present relations between the two entities. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been recognised by the European Union as a "candidate country" for accession since the decision of the European Council in 2022 and is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes part in the Stabilisation and Association Process and trade relations are regulated by an Interim Agreement.
Bosnia and Herzegovina formally applied for EU membership on 15 February 2016, following years of constitutional reforms and engagements with the Dayton Agreement. Bosnia's failure to meet the conditions for the closure of the Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including addressing state and military property ownership issues and implementing constitutional reforms, had prevented the country from submitting an application until 2016. On 15 December 2022, the European Council officially granted candidacy status to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. On 12 March 2024, the European Commission recommended opening EU membership talks for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[4] On 21 March 2024, all 27 EU leaders agreed in principle to open EU accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina,[5] but it must first fulfill all conditions provided by the Commission.[6]
Relations
The EU established a regional approach to the Western Balkans in 1997, with political and economic conditionality criteria for the development of bilateral relations. The following year, an EU/Bosnia and Herzegovina Consultative Task Force was put in place to start the process. Since 2006, the task force has been replaced by the Reform Process Monitoring (RPM).
An Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade-related issues was signed and entered into force on 1 July 2008. The Interim Agreement was the legal framework for trade between Bosnia and the EU between 2008 and 2015. Unilateral trade preferences ("Autonomous Trade Measures", ATM) were introduced by the EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the year 2000. Trade has increased since 2008 and EU products have been granted reciprocal preference in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The EU is the main trading partner of Bosnia and Herzegovina; 73.5% of the exports from the country went to the EU in 2014, following Croatia's accession.[7]
Financial assistance
In the 2007–2013 budgetary period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a beneficiary of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) funds. As a "potential candidate country", Bosnia was allowed to finance projects under the first two IPA components, Transition Assistance and Institution Building and Cross-Border Cooperation. The eligibility for the three advanced IPA components would be conditional on Bosnia's acquisition of EU candidacy status and its implementation of a Decentralised Implementation System, streamlining administrative capacities in order to autonomously manage projects and disburse funds with only ex-post Commission controls.
The priorities for IPA action for Bosnia were set in the 2008 European Partnership.
Bosnia and Herzegovina was receiving EUR 822 million of developmental aid until 2020 from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.
Visa liberalisation process
On 1 January 2008, a visa facilitation and readmission agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the EU entered into force. Bosnia and Herzegovina took part in the dialogue for visa liberalisation with Schengen countries, launched by the European Commission on 26 May 2008. On November 8, 2010 the Council of the European Union approved visa-free travel to the EU for citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[8] The decision entered into force on 15 December 2010.[9]
A Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for the five countries of the region, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, was proposed in 1999. In June 2000, the European Council in Feira recognised that all the SAP countries are "potential candidates" for EU membership. In November of the same year, the regional SAP process was launched at the Zagreb summit.
The process towards the signature of a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) began in 2003 with a feasibility study by the Commission on Bosnia and Herzegovina's capacity to implement the SAA. The same year, in June, the European Council in Thessaloniki confirmed the SAP as the main framework of the relations between the EU and the Western Balkans, recalling the perspective of accession for all the countries of the region.
The EU Council adopted a new European Partnership with Bosnia and Herzegovina on 18 February 2008,[12] setting the short-term and mid-term priorities for EU assistance to Bosnia and Herzegovina through IPA funds.
Stabilisation and Association Agreement
Negotiations and signature
Negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) – required before applying for membership – started in 2005 and were originally expected to be finalised in late 2007.[13] but negotiations stalled due to a disagreement over police reform.
The SAA was initialled on 4 December 2007 by caretaker Prime Minister Nikola Špirić. The initialing came in the wake of successful negotiations by Miroslav Lajčák in regards to passing his new quorum rules laws and also the commitment of Bosnian and Herzegovinian politicians to implementing police reform. Following the adoption of the police reforms in April 2008, the agreement was signed on 16 June 2008.[14][15] Reforms promised by the Prud Agreement would "build the ability of the State to meet the requirements of the EU integration process".[16]
The blockage of the SAA
The final EU state to ratify the SAA, France, did so in February 2011. The SAA should have entered into effect within 40 days but was frozen since Bosnia had not complied with its previous obligations, which would have led to the immediate suspension of the SAA. The obligations to be met by Bosnia before the SAA can come into force include the adoption of a law on state aids and a national census, and implementation of the Finci and Sejdic ruling of the ECHR requiring an amendment to the Constitution to allow members of minorities to be elected to the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to gain seats in the House of Peoples. The EU has also required that the country create a single unified body to manage their relations with the EU.[17] The adoption of state laws on the issues above are prevented by the opposition of the government of the Republika Srpska, which considers such issues a matter of exclusive competence of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[18]
The Croatian initiative
In March 2014, Croatian Foreign Minister Vesna Pusić at a session of the Council of the European Union proposed to other EU countries to grant Bosnia and Herzegovina the status of a Special EU Candidate Country in an aide-mémoire submitted during the meeting.[19] Minister Pusić pointed out that Croatia does not suggest lowering the membership criteria but rather that member states should take a proactive stance in cooperation with Bosnia and Herzegovina and not just to put high criteria and then just wait for something to happen.[19] Croatia has also proposed that implementation of the judgment in the case of Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina should not anymore be a prerequisite for Bosnia and Herzegovina's progress towards the EU, but that this issue, together with the issue of a new constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina, should be resolved after Bosnia and Herzegovina gets the status of Special EU Candidate country in negotiating chapters 23 and 24.[19]
The German-British initiative
An initiative of the foreign ministers of Germany and the United Kingdom, Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Philip Hammond, respectively, for the acceleration of the Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union was announced at the so-called Aspen Initiative Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in late 2014.[20] The two proposed that the SAA enter into force without first implementing the constitutional amendments required by Finci and Sejdic, provided that Bosnian authorities approve a declaration pledging their commitment to making the reforms required for European integration.[21] The foreign ministers called on local Bosnian politicians to begin with necessary reforms as soon as possible after a new government is formed after the 2014 Bosnian general election.[20]
The declaration was jointly signed by the tripartite presidency on 29 January,[22] and approved by parliament on 23 February.[23] The Council of the EU approved the SAA's entry into force on 16 March 2015.[24] The SAA entered into force on 1 June 2015.[25]
Domestic reactions to the German-British initiative
The Paneuropean Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that it fully supports the initiative and the letter of the German and British foreign ministers addressed to the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[28]
International reactions to the German-British initiative
High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina: The spokesman of the office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that the OHR welcomes any initiative that could unblock progress in reforms by increasing the functionality and efficiency of the state and thus speed up the progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards the European Union.[29]
United Kingdom: Philip Hammond stated that regional support is vital for the initiative. He thanked Croatian foreign minister Vesna Pusić for her important work on this issue, and foreign minister of Serbia Ivica Dacic for his valuable cooperation and said that he was delighted they could join the meeting.[31]
Croatia: Vesna Pusić confirmed that Croatia supports the new German-British initiative for Bosnia and Herzegovina and that this initiative is similar to the original Croatian initiative.[32] Pusić said that Croatia will not only support this initiative, but will also actively participate in it since it is important that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a successful and functional state.[32]
↑ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006.[37]
↑ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
↑ Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but is still claimed by Serbia as part of its territory. The European Union remains divided, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo] on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement.[41]
1 2 3 No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded.[45]
↑ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently.[42][46][47]
Public opinion
A 2019 poll sponsored by the National Democratic Institute found that there was overall support of accession to the EU of 75%.[49] There was somewhat of a split over ethnic lines:
Bosnia and Herzegovina formally applied for EU membership on 15 February 2016, following years of constitutional reforms and engagements with the Dayton Peace Agreement. The failure of Bosnia to meet the conditions for the closure of the Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including addressing state and military property ownership issues and implementing constitutional reforms, had prevented the country from submitting an application until 2016.
On 9 December 2016, Bosnia and Herzegovina received the accession questionnaire from the European Commission and the responses to the questionnaire were submitted in February 2018. On 20 June 2018, the European Commission sent 655 follow-up questions to the Questionnaire. Presidency Chairman of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time, Milorad Dodik, handed over the answers to the additional questions on 5 March 2019. An opinion on Bosnia's application was published by the European Commission in May 2019.[50] Twenty-two policy and political criteria questions were still unanswered when Bosnia and Herzegovina submitted its latest response on 5 March 2019. It remains a potential candidate country until it can successfully answer all of the questions on the European Commission's questionnaire sheet as well as "ensure the functioning of the Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee and develop a national programme for the adoption of the EU acquis".[51]
On 12 October 2022, the European Commission recommended that candidate status be granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Council, on the understanding that a number of steps are taken.[52] These include the fulfillment of 14 key concepts proposed by the EU that seek progress in the strengthening of democracy and human rights, as well as 8 further objectives that must be met: "judicial reform, prevention of conflicts of interests, fight against corruption and organised crime, border and migration management, media freedom, protection of journalists and the creation of preventive mechanisms against torture and ill-treatment."[53] On 15 December 2022, the European Council officially granted candidacy status to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] It is one of eight current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.
On 2 March 2022, two former High Representatives for Bosnia and Herzegovina Valentin Inzko and Christian Schwarz Schilling appealed to the EU for a faster accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to it: "February 24, 2022 represents a dark day in the history of Europe, because there is a danger that this kind of aggression against a sovereign state could encourage other dictators to take similar steps". With these words, two former high representatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina, addressed the President of the European Commission, reacting to the dramatic development of the situation in Ukraine and the Russian army's attacks on civilian targets.[54]
On 12 June 2022, several political leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina were called to Brussels on the request of Charles Michel, the president of the European Council. Most of the participants of the meeting in Brussels, which lasted more than eight hours, accepted the document: "Political Agreement on Principles for Ensuring a Functional BiH". The document, whose goals are ensuring a functional Bosnia and Herzegovina that advances on the European path, defines the commitment to preserve and build a peaceful, stable, sovereign and independent functional European Bosnia and Herzegovina. While also being committed to respecting the rule of law and conducting free and democratic elections. The importance of implementing reforms, which improve the European integration of BiH, is emphasized.[55]
On 3 September 2022, the president of Slovenia Borut Pahor expressed his views "The first thing is for Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania to speed up the negotiations for joining the EU, for Bosnia and Herzegovina to receive candidate status by the end of Sunday, and for the EU to fulfill its obligation on visa liberalization". This caused confusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina since there was no previous mention from the Slovenian President regarding the candidate status of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[56]
On 6 September 2022, Bosnia and Herzegovina signed an agreement with the European Union regarding it joining the European Civil Protection Mechanism. This agreement allowed Bosnia and Herzegovina to use all the benefits of EU members, to receive support and assistance in terms of education, equipment, schooling, but also to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters.[57]
On 12 October 2022, the European Commission recommended that candidate status be granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Council, on the understanding that a number of steps are taken:
adoption of the integrity amendments in the existing law of the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council;
adoption of a new law on the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council;
adoption of the law on Courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
adoption of the law on prevention of conflict of interest;
enhancement on fight against corruption and organised crime;
advance work on border management and migration management, as well as ensuring the functioning of the asylum system;
ensuring prohibition of torture, notably the establishment of a national preventive mechanism against torture and ill-treatment;
guaranteeing freedom of expression and freedom of the media;
adoption of a national programme for the adoption of the EU acquis.[58]
On 15 December 2022, the European Council officially granted candidacy status to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3]
Regional approach to the Western Balkans established.
June 2003
Bosnia and Herzegovina identified as a potential candidate for EU membership during the Thessaloniki European Council summit.
25 November 2005
Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) negotiations officially opened in Sarajevo.
31 July 2007
Bosnia and Herzegovina & EU sign financing agreement for the instrument for pre-accession assistance (IPA) 2007 National Programme.
18 September 2007
Visa facilitation and readmission agreements signed.
4 December 2007
EU initials Stabilization and Association Agreement.
1 January 2008
Visa facilitation and readmission agreements enter into force.
18 February 2008
Council adopts new European partnership programme.
16 June 2008
Stabilization and Association Agreement and Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related issues signed.
1 July 2008
Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related issues enters into force.
27 May 2010
Commission adopts proposal allowing citizens of Albania & Bosnia and Herzegovina to travel to Schengen countries without a short-term visa.
15 December 2010
Visa free regime for Schengen area introduced for all BiH citizens having a biometric passport.
1 September 2011
Delegation of the European Union and Office of the EU Special Representative become one reinforced EU presence.
27 June 2012
The EU and Bosnia and Herzegovina launch the High Level Dialogue on the Accession Process.
1 June 2015
The SAA with Bosnia and Herzegovina enters into force.
15 February 2016
BiH submits its application to join the EU.
20 September 2016
EU Council invites the Commission to present an Opinion on BiH application.
February 2018
Bosnia and Herzegovina sends accession questionnaire back to the European Commission.
20 June 2018
European Commission sends 655 follow-up questions to the Questionnaire.
5 March 2019
Bosnia and Herzegovina submits most responses to follow-up questions.
29 May 2019
European Commission notes progress but the country still needs to enact some constitutional changes as well as "ensure the functioning of the Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee and develop a national programme for the adoption of the EU acquis."[60]
12 June 2022
Brussels Agreement, whose goal is to advance Bosnia and Herzegovina on its European path, is accepted.
23 June 2022
The European Council invites the European Commission to report on Bosnia and Herzegovina's progress.
6 September 2022
Bosnia and Herzegovina joins the EU Mechanism for Civil protection.
12 October 2022
The European Commission recommends that candidate status be granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina by the European Council, with nine conditions to be implemented.
15 December 2022
The European Council grants candidate status to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
12 March 2024
The European Commission recommends opening membership negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
21 March 2024
The European Council agrees to open membership negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Negotiations
Negotiation talks have not yet started. However, the European Commission has given an opinion on the status of various reforms since 2019.
The 2023 enlargement package report was released by the European Commission on 8 November 2023, including updates on Bosnia' acquis alignment and a recommendation for the Council to open accession negotiations once certain conditions were met.[61][62]
On 12 March 2024, the European Commission recommended for EU membership negotiations to open for Bosnia and Herzegovina, praising the country's progress on undertaking important reforms.[63][4] The Commission's Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations claimed, among other things, that "the public commitment of the political leadership to the strategic goal of European integration was taken forward by important reforms and have brought positive results. Bosnia and Herzegovina has shown strong commitment to move forward on long pending reforms such as the adoption of the law on the prevention of conflict of interests and the law on anti-money laundering and countering terrorist financing. Bosnia and Herzegovina has taken significant steps to improve the judiciary and prosecutorial system, the fight against corruption organised crime and terrorism and to improve migration management, with the approval of a mandate to negotiate a Frontex status agreement. Bosnia and Herzegovina has reached and maintained full alignment with the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is a significant positive step and crucial in these times of geopolitical turmoil."[63]
The European Commission also agreed to release its progress report to the Council.[63]
On 21 March 2024, at a summit in Brussels, all 27 EU leaders, representing the European Council, unanimously agreed to grant a conditional approval for the opening of EU accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina.[6][64][5] European Council President Charles Michel welcomed the decision, with talks set to begin following the implementation of more reforms.[5][65]
Screening of negotiation chapters (the explanatory phase) began in April 2024.[66] The next step of the process towards becoming a negotiating candidate is for the European Commission to prepare a negotiating framework for adoption by the Council. However, this can only take place once all relevant steps set out in the Commission's recommendation of 12 October 2022 have been taken by Bosnia and Herzegovina.[67] As of 3 July 2024, this final condition for negotiations to start had not yet been met.[68][66] The state claimed to meet 98% of conditions demanded by the European Commission by passing a 2024 budget and Growth Plan reform package on 19 July 2024.[69][70][71] Final approval of the Growth Plan reform package was however blocked by four cantons on 25 July.[72] As of December 2024, the Council reminded they still needed to receive an approved Growth Plan reform package along with a national programme for adoption of EU law, and that the country should appoint a chief negotiator and a national IPA III coordinator, before the adoption of a negotiation framework can happen as the next step of the process.[73]
On 31 July 2023, the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control imposed sanctions on four leaders from Republika Srpska that were directly responsible for encouraging the passage of a National Assembly of Republika Srpska law that purported to declare the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina inapplicable in Republika Srpska, and hereby endangering regional security, peace and cooperation for the Western Balkans by obstructing and threatening the implementation of the Dayton Agreement.[74] On 25 December 2024, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska adopted conclusions on an alleged erosion of the legal order in Bosnia and Herzegovina, claiming the Dayton Agreement had been violated by illegal actions made by the current as well as all past High Representatives, the Constitutional Court and Prosecutor's Office. The National Assembly demanded "annulment of all acts resulting from unconstitutional actions by foreign individuals (High Representatives) who lack the constitutional authority to propose or enact laws", and "requires representatives from Republika Srpska in state institutions to suspend decisions related to European integration (as well as all decision-making concerned to the overall level of the country) until the process aligns with democratic principles and the rule of law". Finally the National Assembly requested the Government of Republika Srpska to urgently propose amendments to the Criminal Code of Republika Srpska, criminalizing any non-compliance with decisions made by the institutions of Republika Srpska.[75] Ambassadors from Germany, France, Italy, US, UK and EU immediately condemned the move made by the National Assembly and called it a serious threat to the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina, emphasizing that all decisions made by the National Assembly should respect the Constitution and be in compliance with all previous and future decisions made by the Constitutional Court.[76]
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
25. Science & Research
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
26. Education & Culture
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
27. Environment & Climate Change
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation†
Some level of preparation†
Some level of preparation†
Some level of preparation†
Some level of preparation†
28. Consumer & Health Protection
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
29. Customs Union
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
30. External Relations
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
32. Financial Control
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
Some level of preparation
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
34. Institutions
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
35. Other Issues
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Legend:
† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "early stage of preparation" AND "some level of preparation".
‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared".
totally incompatibleearly stageconsiderable efforts neededsome level of preparationfurther efforts neededmoderately preparedno major difficulties expectedgood level of preparationwell prepared / well advanced
Bosnia and Herzegovina's foreign relations with EU member states
The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria, which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws.
Dragan Čović is a Bosnian Croat politician who served as the 4th Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2002 to 2005 and from 2014 to 2018. He is the current president of the Croatian Democratic Union and has been serving as a member of the national House of Peoples since 2019, having previously served from 2011 to 2014.
Zlatko Lagumdžija is a Bosnian diplomat and politician serving as Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United Nations since July 2023. He previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2002 and from 2012 to 2015. Lagumdžija was also Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2002. He was president of the Social Democratic Party from 1997 to 2014.
A Treaty of Accession to the European Union is an intergovernmental treaty of the European Union that specifies the terms under which an applicant state becomes a member of the European Union. It represents the fundamental act to enable a state to become a member of the EU, thereby binding it to the fundamental principles of the union. In addition to the Treaty of Accession, a Final Act of Accession is signed. The Final Act registers the results of the accession negotiations, including declarations made by the parties. It also lays down arrangements for the period between signing and entry into force of the treaty.
In talks with countries that have expressed a wish to join the European Union, the EU typically concludes Association Agreements in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in that country. In exchange, the country may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets, and financial or technical assistance.
The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina was amended once, in 2009, to include the outcome of the Brčko District final award. Several constitutional reforms were attempted between 2006 and 2014, to ensure its compliance with the case law of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina and following cases regarding ethnic- and residence-based discrimination in passive electoral rights for the Presidency and House of Peoples. None of these attempts have been successful so far, notwithstanding EU involvement and conditionality.
The Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement is the member of the European Commission in charge of overseeing the accession process of prospective new member states and relations with those bordering the European Union (EU). The present commissioner, since December 2024, is Marta Kos.
Albania is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the European Union (EU). It applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009, and has since June 2014 been an official candidate for accession. The Council of the European Union decided in March 2020 to open accession negotiations with Albania.
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
Serbia applied to join the European Union (EU) in 2009 and has been a candidate for membership since 2012, along with nine other states. Serbia is the largest country in Southeast Europe seeking entry into the EU.
The accession of Kosovo to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU. Kosovo is currently recognized by the EU as a potential candidate for accession.
There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Kosovo formally submitted its application for membership in 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union. Due to multiple factors, talks with Turkey are at an effective standstill since December 2016.
The accession of North Macedonia to the European Union has been on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU since 2005, when it became an official candidate for accession. The then Republic of Macedonia submitted its membership application in 2004, thirteen years after its independence from Yugoslavia. It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.
General elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 October 2010. They decided the makeup of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Presidency as well as national, entity, and cantonal governments.
The relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Kosovo are unofficial because the former's central government has not recognized Kosovo as a sovereign state, essentially through the veto of the Bosnian Serb-dominated Republika Srpska. Bosniak and Croat members of the Presidency support the recognition of Kosovo as a sovereign state, and Serb members do not; Bosnia and Herzegovina's constitution requires consensus among all three members in order to perform such an action. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia remain the only two countries of the former Yugoslavia not to recognize Kosovo's independence.
Following the general election on 3 October 2010, a process of formation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Council of Ministers had begun. The resulting election produced a fragmented political landscape without a coalition of a parliamentary majority more than a year after the election. The centre-left Social Democratic Party, the largest party in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosnian Serb autonomist Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, the largest party in Republika Srpska, each had 8 MPs of the total 42 MPs of the House of Representatives. Similarly, a crisis of government was also present at the local levels, as well as the Federal entity.
Željka Cvijanović is a Bosnian Serb politician serving as the 8th and current Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2022. She has also been serving as its chairwoman since November 2024. She previously served as the 9th president of Republika Srpska from 2018 to 2022.
Denis Bećirović is a Bosnian politician, professor and historian serving as the 8th and current Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2022. Previously, Bećirović was a member of the national House of Peoples from 2019 to 2022. He is also the current vice-president of the Social Democratic Party.
The Dayton Agreement ended the Bosnian War and created the federal republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which consists of the Bosniak and Croat-inhabited Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Serb-inhabited Republika Srpska (RS). Although the Bosnian Serbs were viewed as "anti-Dayton" during the first years after the war, since 2000 they have been staunch supporters of the Dayton Agreement and the preservation of RS. Bosniaks generally view RS as illegitimate, and an independence referendum from BiH has been proposed in RS. The 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum and Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence have raised the possibility of a referendum and unification with Serbia. In 2015, after a judicial and police crisis, the governing Alliance of Independent Social Democrats said that it would hold an independence referendum in 2018 if RS's autonomy was not preserved. Almost all people vote for pro-independence parties.
From the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957 until the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, thus during the Cold War period, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the first socialist state to develop relations with the organisation. Notwithstanding occasional and informal proposals coming from both sides, Yugoslavia never became a full member state of the EEC.
↑ "BIH AND THE EU". Delegation of the European Union to Bosnia and Herzegovina & European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
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Bosnia and Herzegovinaportal 
