The Peak Tram is owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel along with other properties. The line, along with HSH's Peak Tower leisure complex at the line's summit, is promoted using the brand The Peak.[1][2] After a lengthy renovation and upgrade project, the Peak Tram reopened on 27 August 2022.[3]
Route
Geographical map of Peak Tram
The Peak Tram's route from Central district to Victoria Peak covers a distance of about 1.4 kilometres (0.87mi) and an elevation of just under 400 metres (1,312ft). The line has two pronounced curves, one to the left immediately after leaving the lower terminus, and the other to the right in the upper half of the ascent. The gradient also varies considerably throughout the ascent.
The lower terminus station, Central, is located on Garden Road near St. John's Cathedral. The original station was incorporated into St. John's Building, an office tower, with the tram terminus at the ground level. The station comprises a single track, with platforms on both sides. One platform is used for boarding, the other for exiting the tram.
The upper terminus, The Peak, is located below the Peak Tower shopping and leisure complex at Victoria Gap, some 150 metres (490ft) below the summit of Victoria Peak. The station has the same arrangement of boarding and alighting platforms as the lower terminus. The haulage and control equipment for the funicular is located in a basement below the station.
The four rail section of the passing loop. The May Road overbridge can be seen in the background.
The Peak Tram is a funicular tramway - one where the upward and downward trams act as counterweights for each other so two trams are required for its operation.
As it is a single track tramway, a passing loop is needed for the two trams to pass each other - this is located just uphill from the May Road station (and can also be seen from the May Road overbridge). The approximately 400m long section which includes the passing loop changes from two rails to four rails for a short length just before the tramline's upper curve, then there is a length of three rails before it reverts back to two rails.
There are four intermediate stops, each of which is a request stop consisting of a single stepped platform and a shelter:
Garden Road Terminus, circa 1920A Peak Tram car from 1956, now displayed near the upper terminus, and still carrying a headboard celebrating the line's centenary in 1988
In 1881,Alexander Findlay Smith first put the project of a Peak Railway into shape and presented a petition for a concession to the governor of Hong Kong. The necessary legislation was passed two years later.
Findlay Smith did not approach the project rashly. Travelling extensively in Europe and America,he made himself conversant with nearly every existing method of railway employed for mountain ascent —San Francisco,Scarborough,Rigi,Monterey,Lucerne,the Rhine,Mount Vesuvius —and returned to Hong Kong thoroughly convinced of the feasibility of his idea. The actual construction was begun in September 1885 and in May 1888 the line was officially opened.[4]
Smith's business partner,N. J. Ede,owned and lived in the house next to the Upper Terminus,originally named Dunheved,which they converted into the original Peak Hotel.
It took three years to build the Peak Tram. Most of the heavy equipment and rails needed for the construction were hauled uphill by the workers with no mechanical support.[5] As a revolutionary new form of transport for Asia at the time,the tramway was considered a marvel of engineering upon its completion.[5] A wooden structure was built for the terminal.[5] According to photographs,the Garden Road terminus was originally an unadorned building,a large clock face was added to the edifice probably between the 1910s and 1920s.
Uphill tram route 1897
The Peak Tram was opened for public service on 28 May 1888 by the then governor Sir George William des Voeux.[5] As built,the line used a static steam engine to power the haulage cable. It was at first used only for residents of Victoria Peak. Despite that,it carried 800 passengers on its first day of operation,and about 150,000 in its first year,[5] transported in the line's original wooden-bodied cars.[6] The tram's existence accelerated the residential development of Victoria Peak and the Mid-Levels.
From its opening in 1888 until 1926,the Peak Tram divided into three classes:
First Class:British colonial officials and residents of Victoria Peak
Second Class:British military and Hong Kong Police Force personnel
Third Class:Other people and animals
The initial upward trip fares were HKD 30 cents (First Class),20 cents (Second Class) and 10 cents (Third Class) while the downward trip was half these prices.[6] The fares had risen 50 per cent by 1926[citation needed] - they are now HKD108 return and HKD76 single after a significant rise in December 2024.[7]
From 1908 to 1949,the first two seats in the front of the tram were reserved for the governor of Hong Kong,to which was attached a bronze plaque reading:"This seat is reserved for His Excellency the Governor". The seats were not available to ordinary passengers until two minutes before departure.
In the course of its history,the tram has been a victim of two natural disasters,caused by floods from heavy rainfall,which washed away steep sections of the track between Bowen Road and Kennedy Road. The first was in 1899,and the second occurred on 12 June 1966.[5]
In 1956,the Peak Tram was equipped with a new generation of lightweight metal-bodied cars,each of which seated 62 passengers. Unusually for a funicular line,three such cars were provided,only two of which were in use at any one time. The third spare car was kept in a car shed near the Kennedy Road station.[6]
The system was comprehensively rebuilt in 1989 by the Swiss company,Von Roll,with a new track,a computerized control system,and two new two-car trams with a capacity of 120 passengers per tram. By the time of the handover in 1997,the system carried some 2 million passengers annually.[5] Today,more than 4 million people ride the Peak Tram annually,or an average of over 11,000 every day.[6]
Of prior rolling stock,only two 1956 fourth generation all-aluminium cars and one 1989 fifth generation car survive. Two cars,one from both previous generations,can be seen on a disused spur track that led to the former tram depot near the Kennedy Road station. An additional fourth generation car is displayed near the upper terminal,now serving as a Tourism Board Information Center. None of the cars from the first three generations exist,but a replica of the first car is displayed in the Peak Tram Historical Gallery.
The Peak Tram Upgrade Project
Fifth generation (above) and sixth generation (below) trams
In view of the continuous increase in the number of tourists visiting Hong Kong, passenger usage of the tram was increasing by more than one digit percentage every year, especially on Sundays and public holidays. It was taking at least two hours to board; passenger demand far exceeded capacity. By 2012, average daily passenger usage reached 12,000, of which around 90% were tourists. At that period, Peak Tramways Company Limited hired a consultant to study how to improve the Peak Tram terminal and facilities to increase the available space, also considering re-laying tracks and to renovate the cable car cabins to increase the passenger capacity.
At the end of 2015, Peak Tramways Company Limited's right to operate the Peak Tram expired. In the same year, it stated that it planned to spend about HK$684 million to launch a development plan to upgrade the Peak Tram system and improve existing facilities. It was implemented in phases and to be completed in 4 to 5 years. The development plan included:[8]
Purchasing new trams to increase the passenger capacity of the Peak Tram from 120 to 210 passengers per trip, which will greatly reduce the waiting time for passengers by approximately 75–91%
Extend the Garden Road tram station and build the platform about 70 metres (230ft) uphill, after arriving at the "Red Brick House" in the WWF Central Visitor Center, providing a covered, temperature-controlled and comfortable waiting area for queuing, as well as providing a moderate amount of entertainment (such as historical exhibits on the Peak Tram) for approximately 1,300 waiting passengers
Refurbishment of the upper platform of the Peak Tram Station, including widening the boarding platform; increasing the number of gates and ticket counters, and setting up a larger waiting area in front of the ticket office
More effective crowd monitoring to ensure the safety of tourists, employees and pedestrians
Further enhancement of the image of the Peak Tram and maintaining the status of the tram as an important tourism and leisure facility
The project was expected to be completed in 2021, during which the construction was divided into two phases. The first phase, which lasted from April 23, 2019, saw the Peak Tram being suspended for 2 to 3 months. The maintenance plan included the extension of the Peak Terminus and Garden Road Terminus, which was completed on July 22 of the same year. After the completion of the first phase of the project, the Peak Tram service was resumed for about 12 to 15 months. During this period, due to the expansion and renovation of the Garden Road Terminus, passengers used the temporary platform and queue outside the station.
The Second phase began on June 28, 2021, with the closure of the line. New tram carriages were installed, with longer bodies, and passenger capacity increased from 120 to 210. At the same time, power and towing systems, rail, control and signal systems and cables were replaced, and the renovation of the Peak Terminus and the Garden Road Terminus were complete, with the expansion of the former to cater for the new and larger tram carriage.[9]
The project improved the waiting environment, replaced tracks, improved foundations, cable car bridges and other structures. The government stated that the entire development plan invested more than 700 million Hong Kong dollars.[10] Final project costs were $799m HKD (£87m). After a closure of 14 months, the tram was reopened on 27 August 2022, though tourist numbers in Hong Kong are a fraction of their pre-COVID levels.[11]
The upgrade's opening ceremony was held on 2 December 2022. It commenced with the lighting-up of the Eye of Infinity, a 10-metre-tall sculpture at the Central Terminus by Australian artist Lindy Lee, a commission that was part of the overall project.[12][13]
Heritage buildings
Barker Road Tram Station
Built in 1919, Barker Road Station is the oldest surviving Peak Tram station. The station building is a striking open structure featuring semi-circular arches topping its columns, and has classical and Art Deco influences. The arches on the street side have ornamental ironwork with a radiating pattern (the current ironwork being installed in 2008). There is a cantilevered canopy on the Barker Road side which is believed to have originally been a coolie shelter for sedan chair and rickshaw bearers. The building, annex and walkway extension have changed little with the passage of time. It is a Grade I historic building.[14]
The Peak Depot
The Peak Depot (山頂倉庫) is a rendered brick two-storey rectangular building close to The Peak Terminus with a place in Hong Kong's transportation and water supply history. It was built c.1903.as a 'chair coolie house' - a shelter and quarters for sedan chair 'coolies' whose customers were going to and from the terminus. From around 1910 it was used as a waterworks office, workshop and depot, having accommodation for waterworks workers upstairs up to WW2, but is now vacant. It's siting and views make it a potential adaptive reuse site. It is a Grade II historic building.[15]
No. 1 Lugard Road
Start of Lugard Road, next to the Peak Tower and The Peak Lookout: the white building is No. 1 Lugard Road.
The building at No. 1 Lugard Road, located next to the Peak Tower and The Peak Lookout, was built about 1927 by The Peak Tramways Co. Ltd. as a workshop, with an additional floor added in 1953 to provide a flat for the General Manager of Company. The building is still owned and used by the Peak Tramways Company.[16] It has been a Grade III historic building since 2010.[17]
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Hong Kong Tramways (HKT) is a 3 ft 6 in narrow-gauge tram system in Hong Kong. Owned and operated by RATP Dev, the tramway runs on Hong Kong Island between Kennedy Town and Shau Kei Wan, with a branch circulating through Happy Valley.
Victoria Peak is a hill on the western half of Hong Kong Island. It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally as The Peak only generally. With an elevation of 552 metres (1,811 ft), it is the tallest hill on Hong Kong Island, and the 29th tallest in the territory of Hong Kong. It is a major tourist attraction offering views of Central, Victoria Harbour, Lamma Island and the surrounding islands.
A tram stop, tram station, streetcar stop, or light rail station is a place designated for a tram, streetcar, or light rail vehicle to stop so passengers can board or alight it. Generally, tram stops share most characteristics of bus stops, but because trams operate on rails, they often include railway platforms, especially if stepless entries are provided for accessibility. However, trams may also be used with bus stop type flags and with mid-street pavements as platforms, in street running mode.
Central is an MTR station located in the Central area of Hong Kong Island. The station's livery is firebrick red but brown on the Tsuen Wan line platforms. The station is the southern terminus of the Tsuen Wan line, a stop on the Island line, and connects to Hong Kong station, which serves the Tung Chung line and the Airport Express.
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The Great Orme Tramway is a cable-hauled 3 ft 6 in gauge tramway in Llandudno in north Wales. Open seasonally from late March to late October, it takes over 200,000 passengers each year from Llandudno Victoria Station to just below the summit of the Great Orme headland. From 1932 onwards it was known as the Great Orme Railway, reverting to its original name in 1977.
The Peak Tower is a shopping complex located at Victoria Gap, near the summit of Victoria Peak on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It also houses the upper terminal of the Peak Tram, a funicular railway. Both the Peak Tower and the Peak Tram are owned by the Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels group, the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel and other properties. The tower and tram are jointly promoted by the collective branding known as The Peak.
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Central Terminus, formerly Garden Road, is the lower terminus of the Peak Tram line. It is located on the bottom floor of the St. John's Building on Garden Road, Central, Hong Kong, 33m above sea level, 28m before renovation.
Barker Road is an intermediate station on the Peak Tram funicular railway line, and is located on Barker Road in the Peak, Central and Western District, Hong Kong, 363 metres (1,191 ft) above sea level. The station opened in 1888 along with the tramline. At this time it was named Plantation Road station as Barker Road was built not before 1898. Today, Barker Road itself passes under the tramway at the uphill end of the station on a bridge.
May Road is an intermediate station on the Peak Tram funicular railway line. It is located on May Road at Mid-Levels, Central and Western District, Hong Kong, 180 m above sea level and is named after Francis Henry May, the 15th Governor of Hong Kong.
Trams in Hong Kong include the Hong Kong Tramways, the Peak Tram and the Light Rail Transit.
The Central and Western District located on northwestern part of Hong Kong Island is one of the 18 administrative districts of Hong Kong. It had a population of 243,266 in 2016. The district has the most educated residents with the second highest income and the third lowest population due to its relatively small size.
Kennedy Road is an intermediate station on the Peak Tram. It is located on Kennedy Road, in Central, Hong Kong, 56 metres above sea level.
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Lugard Road is a road located on Victoria Peak, Hong Kong, named after Sir Frederick Lugard, Governor of Hong Kong from 1907 to 1912. Located some 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level, the road is a popular walking path that forms part of the Hong Kong Trail, and is known for spectacular vistas over Victoria Harbour.
Barker Road is a road located on Victoria Peak, Hong Kong at an altitude of approximately 350 metres above sea level with a length of about 1,7 km. It starts from the Old Peak Road and ends at Magazine Gap on Peak Road.
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