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The Long March rockets are a family of expendable launch system rockets operated by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. The rockets are named after the Chinese Red Army's 1934–35 Long March military retreat during the Chinese Civil War.
The space program of the People's Republic of China is about the activities in outer space conducted and directed by the People's Republic of China. The roots of the Chinese space program trace back to the 1950s,when,with the help of the newly allied Soviet Union,China began development of its first ballistic missile and rocket programs in response to the perceived American threats. Driven by the successes of Soviet Sputnik 1 and American Explorer 1 satellite launches in 1957 and 1958 respectively,China would launch its first satellite,Dong Fang Hong 1 in April 1970 aboard a Long March 1 rocket,making it the fifth nation to place a satellite in orbit.
Shenzhou 6 was the second human spaceflight of the Chinese space program,launched on October 12,2005,on a Long March 2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Shenzhou spacecraft carried a crew of Fèi Jùnlóng (费俊龙) and NièHǎishèng (聂海胜) for five days in low Earth orbit. It launched three days before the second anniversary of China's first human spaceflight,Shenzhou 5.
A small satellite,miniaturized satellite,or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size,usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small",different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites,especially in large numbers,may be more useful than fewer,larger ones for some purposes –for example,gathering of scientific data and radio relay. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.
The Tiangong program is China's space program to create a modular space station,comparable to Mir. This program is independent and unconnected to any other international space-active countries. The program is part of the China Manned Space Program that began in 1992. The core module of the Tiangong space station,the Tianhe was finally launched on 29 April 2021 marking the start of the Tiangong Space program deployment.
The China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) is a major state-owned civilian and military space launch vehicle manufacturer in China and one of the major launch service providers in the world. CALT is a subsidiary of the larger China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). It was established in 1957 by Dr. Xue-Sen Qian and is headquartered in Fengtai District,Beijing.
Long March 2 rocket family or Chang Zheng 2 rocket family as in Chinese pinyin is an expendable launch system operated by the People's Republic of China. The rockets use the abbreviations LM-2 family for export,and CZ-2 family within China,as "Chang Zheng" means "Long March" in Chinese pinyin. They are part of the larger Long March rocket family. Development and design falls mostly under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).
Long March 5,or Changzheng 5 (CZ-5),and also by its nickname "Pang-Wu",is a Chinese heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). It is the first Chinese launch vehicle designed to use exclusively non-hypergolic liquid propellants. It is the fifth iteration of the Long March rocket family.
The China Manned Space Program,also known as Project 921 is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission,designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. It was approved on 21 September 1992 and has been in operation ever since. The CMS commander and director are currently Xu Xueqiang and Zhou Jianping respectively;the latter has held this position since 2006,after taking over from Wang Yongzhi,who served as the first director from 1992 to 2006.
The Long March 3B,also known as the CZ-3B and LM-3B,is a Chinese orbital launch vehicle. Introduced in 1996,it is launched from Launch Area 2 and 3 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan. A three-stage rocket with four strap-on liquid rocket boosters,it is the heaviest variant of the Long March 3 rocket family,and is mainly used to place communications satellites and navigation satellites into geosynchronous orbits.
The Long March 2A,also known as the Chang Zheng 2A,CZ-2A and LM-2A,was a Chinese orbital carrier rocket that launched FSW-0 reconnaissance satellites. It was later replaced by the more capable Long March 4C. It was developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).
The Long March 7,or Chang Zheng 7 in pinyin,abbreviated LM-7 for export or CZ-7 within China,originally Long March 2F/H or Chang Zheng 2F/H,nicknamed Bingjian,is a Chinese liquid-fuelled launch vehicle of the Long March family,developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CAST). It made its inaugural flight on 25 June 2016.
Kuaizhou is a family of Chinese "quick-reaction" orbital launch vehicles. Flying since 2013,Kuaizhou 1 and 1A consist of three solid-fueled rocket stages,with a liquid-fueled fourth stage as part of the satellite system. Kuaizhou 11,which flew an unsuccessful maiden flight in July 2020,is a larger model able to launch a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) payload into low Earth orbit. Heavy-lift models KZ-21 and KZ-31 are in development. The Kuaizhou series of rockets is manufactured by ExPace,a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC),as their commercial launch vehicles.
Space launch market competition is the manifestation of market forces in the launch service provider business. In particular it is the trend of competitive dynamics among payload transport capabilities at diverse prices having a greater influence on launch purchasing than the traditional political considerations of country of manufacture or the national entity using,regulating or licensing the launch service.
Long March 8 is an orbital launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology to launch up to 5000 kg to a 700 km altitude Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). The rocket is based on the Long March 7 with its first stage and two boosters,along with the existing liquid hydrogen burning third stage of the Long March 3A/3B/3C and 7A as its second stage. The boosters are omitted in the "core only" variant that first flew on its second launch in February 2022.
LandSpace Technology Corporation is a Chinese commercial space launch provider based in Beijing. It was founded in 2015 by Zhang Changwu.
OneSpace or One Space Technology Group is a Chinese private space launch group based in Beijing,subsidiaries in Chongqing,Shenzhen and Xi'an. OneSpace was founded in 2015. OneSpace is led by CEO Shu Chang,and is targeting the small launcher market for microsatellites and nanosatellites. OneSpace launched China's first private rocket in 2018.
Galactic Energy is a Chinese private space launch enterprise flying the Ceres-1 and developing the Pallas-1 orbital rockets. The company's long-term objective is to mine asteroids for rare metals and minerals.
Long March 10,also known as the “Next Generation crewed launch vehicle”,and previously and unofficially as the “921 rocket”or the "Long March 5G",is a Chinese super-heavy carrier rocket for crewed lunar missions that is currently under development. The nickname "921" refers to the founding date of China's human spaceflight program. In 2022,the first flight was targeted for 2027. By 2024,the first flight's target was moved up to 2025–26. In April 2024,it was announced that program development was complete.
Ceres-1,is a four-stage rocket manufactured and operated by Galactic Energy,the first three stages use solid-propellant rocket motors and the final stage uses a hydrazine propulsion system. It is about 20 m (62 ft) tall and 1.4 m in diameter. It can deliver 400 kg (880 lb) to low Earth orbit or 300 kg (660 lb) to 500 km Sun-synchronous orbit.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 de Selding, Peter B. (15 October 2015). "With Naga-L Rocket, China Would Turn Tables on U.S. Export Ban". SpaceNews . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- 1 2 Yang, Haoliang (October 2015). "A review of the new generation of small launch vehicle developed by CALT". International Astronautical Federation . Retrieved 7 September 2024.
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