Mesoniviridae

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Alphamesonivirus
Mesonivirus virions.jpg
Electron micrograph of negatively stained Nam Dinh virus (NDiV) virions
Mesoniviridae virion.jpg
Mesonivirus virion
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Suborder: Mesnidovirineae
Family: Mesoniviridae
Subfamily: Hexponivirinae
Genus:Alphamesonivirus

Mesoniviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect mosquitoes. The family is named after the size of the genomes relative to other nidoviruses, with meso- coming from the Greek word mesos, which means medium, and -ni being an abbreviation of nido. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

History

The family is relatively new, having only been discovered in 2011. The first virus, which was named Nam Dinh virus, was found in the Vietnamese province of Nam Định. [2] The second virus, named Cavally virus, was then found in Côte d'Ivoire. [4] These two viruses were later found to be of the same species. A third member of this first species, named Dak Nong virus, was later found in Culex tritaeniorhynchus populations in Vietnam. [5] In 2013, four more mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations, all within Côte d'Ivoire, [6] and in 2014 four mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations in Australia, [7] Indonesia, and Thailand. [3]

Virology

Structure

Members of this family are enveloped, spherical in shape and 60–80 nm in diameter with club-shaped surface spikes. There are eight major structural proteins, including a nucleocapsid protein (25 kDa in weight), four differentially glycosylated forms of the membrane protein (20, 19, 18 and 17 kDa) and the spike (S) protein (77 kDa), which is cleaved to produce two S protein subunits (23 and 57 kDa). [6] [4]

Genome

Mesonivirus genome Mesonivirus genome.jpg
Mesonivirus genome

The genomes are linear, positive-sense, polycistronic, single-stranded RNA, and are about 20,000 nucleotides in length, with a 3' poly(A) tail and seven major open reading frames (ORFs). Two overlapping ORFs, together known as ORF1ab, are at the 5'-end, encoding the major non-structural proteins and are expressed as a fusion protein by ribosomal frameshift. ORFs 1a and 1b contain six replicase domains, as well as the 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) that controls RNA replication fidelity and a 2'-O-methyltransferase, both of which are found in larger nidoviruses. ORF 1b also encodes an N7-methyltransferase. [2] [4]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of Mesoniviridae Viruses-12-01159-g001.webp
Phylogenetic tree of Mesoniviridae

Mesoniviridae is a member of the order Nidovirales, an order of +ssRNA viruses with animal hosts. The family has only one subfamily, Hexponivirinae, which contains only one genus, Alphamesonivirus. There are 8 subgenera and 10 species in Alphamesonivirus: [8]

The discovery and phylogenetic analysis of four additional mesoniviruses in 2013, named Hana virus, Méno virus, Nsé virus and Moumo virus, has suggested that they represent at least three new species of mesoniviruses. [6] Additionally, in 2014 four potentially new species were discovered in Australia, Indonesia, and Thailand, named Casuarina virus, Karang Sari virus, Bontag Baru virus, and Kamphaeng Phet virus, respectively. [3] [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<i>Coronaviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Nidovirales

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.

<i>Nidovirales</i> Order of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.

<i>Hepacivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Hepacivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Hepacivirus C, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.

Drosophila X virus (DXV) belongs to the Birnaviridae family of viruses. Birnaviridae currently consists of three genera. The first genus is Entomobirnavirus, which contains DXV. The next genus is Aquabirnavirus, containing infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The last genus is Avibirnavirus, which contains infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). All of these genera contain homology in three specific areas of their transcripts. The homology comes from the amino and carboxyl regions of preVP2, a small 21-residue-long domain near the carboxyl terminal of VP3, and similar small ORFs sequences.

<i>Torovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Torovirus is a genus of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales and family Tobaniviridae. They primarily infect vertebrates, especially cattle, pigs, and horses. Diseases associated with this genus include gastroenteritis, which commonly presents in mammals. Torovirus is the only genus in the monotypic subfamily Torovirinae. Torovirus is also a monotypic taxon, containing only one subgenus, Renitovirus.

Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) constitutes the species Gamamaarterivirus lacdeh which is part of the family Arteriviridae and order Nidovirales. The order Nidovirales also includes the family of coronaviruses. Arteriviruses infect macrophages in animals and cause a variety of diseases. LDV specifically causes lifelong persistent viremia in mice, but does not harm the host and only slightly harms the immune system. The main clinical sign is an increased level of the plasma enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDV has a remarkably narrow cell type specificity, meaning nothing homologous with LDV in mice has been found in another species.

<i>Banna virus</i> Species of virus

Banna virus (BAV) is a virus belonging to Reoviridae, a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. It is an arbovirus, being primarily transmitted to humans from the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Pigs and cattle have also been shown to become infected. The most common symptom of infection is fever, but in some cases encephalitis may occur. There is no specific treatment for infection, so treatment is aimed at alleviating the severity of symptoms until the immune system has cleared the infection.

Equine arterivirus serine peptidase is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3C-like protease</span> Class of enzymes

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Liao ning virus (LNV) is a virus belonging to the genus Seadornavirus within the family Reoviridae, a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. LNV was first discovered in Aedes dorsalis populations in the Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China in 2006 from mosquito samples obtained in 1997. Its geographic distribution was previously thought to be limited to China, but it has since been found in mosquito populations in Australia. In addition to Aedes dorsalis, LNV has been isolated from Culex species.

<i>Quaranjavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Quaranjavirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. The genome is single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA, generally with six segments. The genus contains two species: Johnston Atoll virus and Quaranfil virus; it has been proposed to contain species or strains including Cygnet River virus, Lake Chad virus, Tyulek virus and Wellfleet Bay virus. Quaranjaviruses predominantly infect arthropods and birds; As of March 2015, Quaranfil quaranjavirus is the only member of the genus to have been shown to infect humans. The Quaranfil and Johnston Atoll viruses are transmitted between vertebrates by ticks, resembling members of Thogotovirus, another genus of Orthomyxoviridae.

Phasmaviridae is a family of viruses with negative stranded RNA genomes associated with insect hosts. They are a member of the order Bunyavirales. Phasmaviruses were first discovered in phantom midges of the genus Chaoborus in 2014.

Jingmenvirus is a group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with segmented genomes. They are primarily associated with arthropods and are one of only two known segmented RNA viruses that infect animal hosts. The first member of the group, the Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), was described in 2014. Another member, the Guaico Culex virus (GCXV), has a highly unusual multicomponent architecture in which the genome segments are separately enclosed in different viral capsids.

Alphaabyssovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect sea hares. The genus is monotypic. It contains only the subgenus Aplyccavirus, which contains only one species, Aplysia abyssovirus 1. Alphaabyssovirus is also the only member of the subfamily Tiamatvirinae, which in turn is the only member of family Abyssoviridae, which likewise is the only member of the Abnidovirineae suborder. Aplysia abyssovirus 1 was first isolated from a sample from a California sea hare.

Alphamononivirus is a genus of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect planarian flatworms. Member virus planarian secretory cell nidovirus (PSCNV) has the largest known nonsegmented RNA genome of 41.1kb of any RNA virus. The genus is monotypic. It contains the subgenus Dumedivirus, which contains only one species, Planidovirus 1. Alphamononivirus is also the only member of the subfamily Mononivirinae, which in turn is the only member of family Mononiviridae, which likewise is the only member of the Monidovirineae suborder.

<i>Piscanivirinae</i> Subfamily of viruses

Piscanivirinae is a virus subfamily of the family Tobaniviridae within the order Nidovirales which comprises different fish viruses. The virions have a viral envelope and a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome which is linear and unsegmented.

ORF1ab refers collectively to two open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1a and ORF1b, that are conserved in the genomes of nidoviruses, a group of viruses that includes coronaviruses. The genes express large polyproteins that undergo proteolysis to form several nonstructural proteins with various functions in the viral life cycle, including proteases and the components of the replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). Together the two ORFs are sometimes referred to as the replicase gene. They are related by a programmed ribosomal frameshift that allows the ribosome to continue translating past the stop codon at the end of ORF1a, in a -1 reading frame. The resulting polyproteins are known as pp1a and pp1ab.

Planarian secretory cell nidovirus (PSCNV) is a virus of the species Planidovirus 1, a nidovirus notable for its extremely large genome. At 41.1 kilobases, it is the largest known genome of an RNA virus. It was discovered by inspecting the transcriptomes of the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea and is the first known RNA virus infecting planarians. It was first described in 2018.

References

  1. ↑ Lauber, C.; Ziebuhr, J.; Junglen, S.; Drosten, C.; Zirkel, F.; Nga, P. T.; Morita, K.; Snijder, E. J.; Gorbalenya, A. E. (2012). "Mesoniviridae: A proposed new family in the order Nidovirales formed by a single species of mosquito-borne viruses". Archives of Virology. 157 (8): 1623–1628. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1295-x. PMC   3407358 . PMID   22527862.
  2. 1 2 3 Nga, P. T.; Parquet Mdel, M. D. C.; Lauber, C.; Parida, M.; Nabeshima, T.; Yu, F.; Thuy, N. T.; Inoue, S.; Ito, T.; Okamoto, K.; Ichinose, A.; Snijder, E. J.; Morita, K.; Gorbalenya, A. E. (2011). Baric, Ralph S (ed.). "Discovery of the First Insect Nidovirus, a Missing Evolutionary Link in the Emergence of the Largest RNA Virus Genomes". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (9): e1002215. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002215. PMC   3169540 . PMID   21931546.
  3. 1 2 3 Vasilakis, N; Guzman, H; Firth, C; Forrester, N. L.; Widen, S. G.; Wood, T. G.; Rossi, S. L.; Ghedin, E; Popov, V; Blasdell, K. R.; Walker, P. J.; Tesh, R. B. (2014). "Mesoniviruses are mosquito-specific viruses with extensive geographic distribution and host range". Virology Journal. 11: 97. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-97. PMC   4038087 . PMID   24884700.
  4. 1 2 3 Zirkel, F.; Kurth, A.; Quan, P. -L.; Briese, T.; Ellerbrok, H.; Pauli, G.; Leendertz, F. H.; Lipkin, W. I.; Ziebuhr, J.; Drosten, C.; Junglen, S. (2011). "An Insect Nidovirus Emerging from a Primary Tropical Rainforest". mBio. 2 (3): e00077–e00011. doi:10.1128/mBio.00077-11. PMC   3111606 . PMID   21673192.
  5. ↑ Kuwata, R.; Satho, T.; Isawa, H.; Yen, N. T.; Phong, T. V.; Nga, P. T.; Kurashige, T.; Hiramatsu, Y.; Fukumitsu, Y.; Hoshino, K.; Sasaki, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Mizutani, T.; Sawabe, K. (2013). "Characterization of Dak Nong virus, an insect nidovirus isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Vietnam". Archives of Virology. 158 (11): 2273–2284. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1741-4. PMC   7087109 . PMID   23728735.
  6. 1 2 3 Zirkel, F.; Roth, H.; Kurth, A.; Drosten, C.; Ziebuhr, J.; Junglen, S. (2013). "Identification and Characterization of Genetically Divergent Members of the Newly Established Family Mesoniviridae". Journal of Virology. 87 (11): 6346–6358. doi:10.1128/JVI.00416-13. PMC   3648093 . PMID   23536661.
  7. 1 2 Warrilow, D; Watterson, D; Hall, R. A.; Davis, S. S.; Weir, R; Kurucz, N; Whelan, P; Allcock, R; Hall-Mendelin, S; O'Brien, C. A.; Hobson-Peters, J (2014). "A new species of mesonivirus from the Northern Territory, Australia". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e91103. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991103W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091103 . PMC   3966781 . PMID   24670468.
  8. ↑ "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)".
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