List of open clusters

Last updated July 17, 2024

The open cluster Messier 6 in the constellation Scorpius is also known as the Butterfly Cluster or NGC 6405 M6a.jpg — The open cluster Messier 6 in the constellation Scorpius is also known as the Butterfly Cluster or NGC 6405

This is a list of open clusters located in the Milky Way. An open cluster is an association of up to a few thousand stars that all formed from the same giant molecular cloud. There are over 1,000 known open clusters in the Milky Way galaxy, but the actual total may be up to ten times higher.^[1] The estimated half-lives of clusters, after which half the original cluster members will have been lost, range from 150 million to 800 million years, depending on the original density.^[2]

Cluster identifier			Constellation	Distance (parsecs)	Age (Myr)	Diameter	Apparent magnitude	Notes
	Epoch J2000
	R. A.	Dec.
Hyades	04^h 26.9^m	+15° 52′	Taurus	47	625	330'	0.5	^[3]
Coma Star Cluster	12^h 22.5^m	+25° 51′	Coma Berenices	86	400-500	120'	1.8	^[4]
Trapezium Cluster	5^h 35.4^m	−05° 27′	Orion	412	0.3	0.783'	4.0	^[5]
Messier 6, Butterfly Cluster	17^h 40.1^m	−32° 13′	Scorpius	487	94	20'	4.2	^[1]
Messier 7	17^h 53.8^m	−34° 47′	Scorpius	280	224	80'	3.3	^[6]^[7]
Messier 11, Wild Duck Cluster	18^h 51.1^m	−06° 16′	Scutum	1,900	250	13'	5.8	^[1]^[7]^[8]
Messier 16, Eagle Nebula	18^h 18.8^m	−13° 49′	Serpens	1,800	1.3	6'	6.0	^[1]
Messier 18	18^h 20.0^m	−17° 06′	Sagittarius	1,296	17	5'	6.9	^[1]
Messier 21	18^h 04.2^m	−22° 29′	Sagittarius	1,205	12	14'	5.9	^[1]
Messier 23	17^h 57.0^m	−18° 59′	Sagittarius	628	300	30'	5.5	^[1]^[7]
Messier 24	18^h 17.0^m	−18° 29′	Sagittarius	3,070	220	90'	2.5	^[1]^[7]
Messier 25	18^h 31.7^m	−19° 07′	Sagittarius	620	92	30'	4.6	^[1]
Messier 26	18^h 45.3^m	−09° 23′	Scutum	1,600	85	7'	8.0	^[1]
Messier 34	02^h 42.1^m	+42° 46′	Perseus	499	180	36'	5.2	^[1]^[7]
Messier 35	06^h 09.1^m	+24° 21′	Gemini	912	180	25'	5.0	^[9]
Messier 36	05^h 36.2^m	+34° 08′	Auriga	1,330	25	10'	6.0	^[1]
Messier 37	05^h 52.3^m	+32° 33′	Auriga	1,400	347	14'	5.6	^[1]
Messier 38	05^h 28.7^m	+35° 51′	Auriga	1,400	316	20'	6.4	^[1]
Messier 39	21^h 31.8^m	+48° 27′	Cygnus	311	280	30'	4.6	^[1]^[6]
Messier 41	06^h 46.0^m	−20° 46′	Canis Major	710	240	40'	4.5	^[1]^[7]
Messier 44, Beehive Cluster	08^h 40.4^m	+19° 41′	Cancer	187	830	70'	3.1	^[10]^[11]
Messier 45, Pleiades	03^h 47.4^m	+24° 07′	Taurus	136	125	120'	1.2	^[12]
Messier 46	07^h 41.7^m	−14° 49′	Puppis	1,510	250	20'	6.1	^[1]
Messier 47	07^h 36.6^m	−14° 30′	Puppis	490	73	25'	4.4	^[1]
Messier 48	08^h 13.7^m	−05° 45′	Hydra	770	400	30'	5.8	^[1]
Messier 50	07^h 02.6^m	−08° 23′	Monoceros	1,000	130	14'	5.9	^[9]
Messier 52	23^h 24.8^m	+61° 35′	Cassiopeia	1,400	160	15	6.9	^[1]
Messier 67	08^h 51.3^m	+11° 48′	Cancer	908	4,000	25'	6.9	^[1]^[7]
Messier 93	07^h 44.6^m	−23° 52′	Puppis	1037	390	10'	6.2	^[1]
Messier 103	01^h 33.4^m	+60° 39′	Cassiopeia	3,000	16	5'	7.4	^[13]
IC 2602, Southern Pleiades	10^h 43.2^m	−64° 24′	Carina	167	30	100'	1.9	^[14]
IC 2391, Omicron Velorum Cluster	08^h 40.6^m	−53° 02′	Vela	176	30	60'	2.5	^[14]
NGC 2451 A	07^h 45.4^m	−37° 58′	Puppis	189	50	45'	2.8	^[6]^[15]
Alpha Persei Cluster	03^h 26.0^m	+49° 07′	Perseus	172	50	300'	1.2	^[16]
Arp-Madore 2	07^h 38.8^m	−33° 51′	Puppis	8,870	5,000	1.3'		^[17]
Blanco 1	00^h 04.3^m	−29° 56′	Sculptor	253	100	90'	4.5	^[14]
Hodge 301	05^h 38.5^m	−69° 04′	Dorado	51,400	25	0.5'	11	^[18]^[19]
Lambda Orionis Cluster	05^h 35^m	+09° 56′	Orion	438	5		2.8	^[20]
Pi Puppis Cluster	07^h 08^m	−37° 10′	Puppis	319		50'	2.1	^[21]
Melotte 186	18^h 01.1^m	+02° 54′	Ophiuchus	200	100	240'	3.0	^[22]
NGC 2070	05^h 38.7^m	−69° 06′	Dorado	48,500	1.5	3.5'	7.25	^[23]^[24]
NGC 2232	06^h 26.4^m	−04° 45′	Monoceros	325	53	45'	3.9	^[1]^[6]
IC 4756	18^h 39.0^m	−05° 27′	Serpens	330	500	40'	4.6	^[1]^[6]
NGC 2516, Southern Beehive Cluster	07^h 58.0^m	−60° 48′	Carina	346	141	30'	3.8	^[6]^[7]
IC 4665	17^h 46.3^m	+05° 43′	Ophiuchus	352	43	70'	4.2	^[1]
Trumpler 10	08^h 47.8^m	−42° 29′	Vela	365	35	14'	4.6	^[1]^[6]
NGC 6633	18^h 27.7^m	+06° 34′	Ophiuchus	375	660	20'	4.6	^[25]
IC 348	03^h 44.6^m	+32° 10′	Perseus	385	44	7'	7.3	^[1]
NGC 752	01^h 57.7^m	+37° 47′	Andromeda	400	1,700–2,000	75'	5.7	^[26]
NGC 3532, Wishing Well Cluster	11^h 06.4^m	−58° 40′	Carina	405	316	50'	3.0	^[6]^[7]
Collinder 121	07^h 08^m	−37° 10′	Canis Major	600		50'	2.6	^[27]
Collinder 140	07^h 24.5^m	−31° 51′	Canis Major	410	35	42'	3.5	^[1]^[6]
Collinder 261	12^h 38.0^m	−68° 22′	Musca	2,500	8,000	9'	10.7	^[28]^[29]
NGC 2547	08^h 10.8^m	−49° 18′	Vela	433	38	25'	4.7	^[6]
NGC 6281	17^h 04.7^m	−37° 59′	Scorpius	479	220	8'	5.4	^[1]
NGC 225	00^h 43.6^m	+61° 46′	Cassiopeia	657	130	12'	7.0	^[1]
NGC 5662	14^h 35.6^m	−56° 37′	Centaurus	666	70	30'	5.5	^[1]^[7]
NGC 5460	14^h 07.4^m	−48° 20′	Centaurus	678	160	36'	5.6	^[1]^[7]
NGC 189	00^h 39.7^m	+61° 04′	Cassiopeia	752	10	3.7'	8.8	^[1]
NGC 6025	16^h 03.3^m	−60° 26′	Triangulum Australe	756	130	14'	5.1	^[1]^[7]
IC 5146	21^h 53.5^m	+47° 16′	Cygnus	852	1	9'	7.2	^[1]
NGC 2301	06^h 51.75^m	+00° 28′	Monoceros	858	165	12'	6.0	^[30]
IC 4651	17^h 24.8^m	−49° 56′	Ara	888	1,900	10'	6.9	^[1]^[7]
NGC 6087, S Normae Cluster	16^h 18.8^m	−57° 56′	Norma	891	70	14'	5.4	^[1]^[7]
NGC 3114	10^h 02.7^m	−60° 07′	Carina	911	124	36'	4.2	^[1]
NGC 2509	08^h 00.7^m	−19° 04′	Puppis	912	Uncertain^[31]	10'	9.3	^[32]
NGC 2264	06^h 41.0^m	+09° 53′	Monoceros	913	1.5	40'	3.9	^[33]
NGC 1502	04^h 07.8^m	+62° 20′	Camelopardalis	1,000	10	8'	5.7	^[1]
Berkeley 59	00^h 04.0^m	+68° 35′	Cepheus	1,000	2	180'		^[34]
NGC 2169	06^h 08.4^m	+13° 58′	Orion	1,052	12	5'	5.9	^[1]
NGC 6242	16^h 55.6^m	−39° 28′	Scorpius	1,131	50	9'	6.4	^[1]^[7]
NGC 381	01^h 08.3^m	+61° 35′	Cassiopeia	1,148	320	7'	9.3	^[1]
NGC 6204	16^h 46.1^m	−47° 01′	Ara	1,200	79	6'	8.2	^[1]
NGC 6231	16^h 54.1^m	−41° 50′	Scorpius	1,243	6	14'	2.6	^[1]^[7]
NGC 2439	07^h 40.8^m	−31° 41′	Puppis	1,300	25	9'	6.9	^[1]^[7]
NGC 6067	16^h 13.2^m	−54° 13′	Norma	1,417	170	14'	5.6	^[1]^[7]
NGC 2362, Tau Canis Majoris Cluster	07^h 18.6^m	−24° 59′	Canis Major	1,480	4–5	5'	4.1	^[35]
NGC 6756	19^h 08.7^m	+04° 42′	Aquila	1,507	62	4'	4.5	^[1]
NGC 6031	16^h 07.9^m	−54° 03′	Norma	1,510	117	3'	8.5	^[1]^[36]
NGC 2175	06^h 09.7^m	+20° 29′	Orion	1,627	8.9	5'	6.8	^[1]
NGC 188	00^h 48.4^m	+85° 15′	Cepheus	1,660	6,600	17'	8.1	^[7]^[37]
NGC 2244	06^h 31.9^m	+04° 56′	Monoceros	1,660	1.9	30'	4.8	^[1]
NGC 129	00^h 30.0^m	+60° 13′	Cassiopeia	1,670	76	21′	6.5	^[38]
NGC 2360, Caroline's Cluster	07^h 17.7^m	−15° 38′	Canis Major	1,887	1,000	13'	7.2	^[1]^[7]
NGC 6834	19^h 52.2^m	+29° 25′	Cygnus	1,930	76	5'	7.8	^[1]^[36]
NGC 659	01^h 44.4^m	+60° 40′	Cassiopeia	1,938	35	5'	7.9	^[1]
NGC 4755, Jewel Box	12^h 53.6^m	−60° 22′	Crux	1,976	14	10'	4.2	^[1]^[7]
NGC 6200	16^h 44.1^m	−47° 28′	Ara	2,056	8.5	12'	7.4	^[39]
NGC 869	02^h 19.1^m	+57° 09′	Perseus	2,079	12	18'	3.7	^[1]
NGC 637	01^h 43.0^m	+64° 02′	Cassiopeia	2,160	10	4.2'	8.2	^[1]
NGC 2355	07^h 17.0^m	+13° 47′	Gemini	2,200	955	5'	9.7	^[1]^[7]
NGC 2129	06^h 01.1^m	+23° 19′	Gemini	2,200	10	5'	6.7	^[1]^[40]
NGC 663	01^h 46.1^m	+61° 14′	Cassiopeia	2,420	25	14'	7.1	^[1]
NGC 457	01^h 19.1^m	+58° 17′	Cassiopeia	2,429	21	20'	6.4	^[41]
NGC 2204	06^h 15.5^m	−18° 40′	Canis Major	2,629	787	13'	8.6	^[1]
NGC 884	02^h 22.0^m	+57° 08′	Perseus	2,940	14	18'	3.8	^[1]^[7]
NGC 1931	05^h 31.0^m	+34° 15′	Auriga	3,086	10	3'	10.1	^[1]
NGC 1980	5^h 25.43^m	−05° 54′	Orion	550	4.7	14'	2.5	^[42]
NGC 2158	06^h 07.4^m	+24° 06′	Gemini	5,071	1,054	5'	8.6	^[1]
Teutsch 2	05^h 41.4^m	+39° 14′	Auriga	5,700	900	2'	11	^[43]
NGC 6791	19^h 20.9^m	+37° 46′	Lyra	5,853	8,900	16'	9.5	^[1]^[7]
NGC 3293	10^h 35.8^m	−58° 13′	Carina	2,750	8	8'	4.7
NGC 3766, Pearl Cluster	11^h 36.2^m	−61° 37′	Centaurus	1745	14	12'	5.3
NGC 7419	22^h 54.3^m	+60° 48.9′	Cepheus	2,800		2'	13
NGC 7789, White Rose Cluster	23^h 57.4^m	+56° 43′	Cassiopeia	2,337	1,700	16'	6.7	^[44]
Gaia 1	06^h 45.9^m	−16° 45′	Canis Major	4,600	6,300	13'	8.3
Ru 7	06^h 58.9^m	−13° 15′	Canis Major					^{[ citation needed ]}

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wild Duck Cluster</span> Open cluster in the constellation Scutum

The Wild Duck Cluster is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Scutum. It was discovered by Gottfried Kirch in 1681. Charles Messier included it in his catalogue of diffuse objects in 1764. Its popular name derives from the brighter stars forming a triangle which could resemble a flying flock of ducks. The cluster is located just to the east of the Scutum Star Cloud midpoint.

Messier 21 or M21, also designated NGC 6531 or Webb's Cross, is an open cluster of stars located to the north-east of Sagittarius in the night sky, close to the Messier objects M20 to M25. It was discovered and catalogued by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764. This cluster is relatively young and tightly packed. A few blue giant stars have been identified in the cluster, but Messier 21 is composed mainly of small dim stars. With a magnitude of 6.5, M21 is not visible to the naked eye; however, with the smallest binoculars it can be easily spotted on a dark night. The cluster is positioned near the Trifid nebula, but is not associated with that nebulosity. It forms part of the Sagittarius OB1 association.

Messier 23, also known as NGC 6494, is an open cluster of stars in the northwest of the southern constellation of Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. It can be found in good conditions with binoculars or a modestly sized telescope. It is in front of "an extensive gas and dust network", which there may be no inter-association. It is within 5° the sun's position so can be occulted by the moon.

Messier 26, also known as NGC 6694, is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Scutum. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. This 8th magnitude cluster is a challenge to find in ideal skies with typical binoculars, where it can be, with any modern minimum 3-inch (76 mm) aperture device. It is south-southwest of the open cluster Messier 11 and is 14′ across. About 25 stars are visible in a telescope with a 150–200 mm (6–8 in) aperture.

Messier 18 or M18, also designated NGC 6613 and sometimes known as the Black Swan Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764 and included in his list of comet-like objects. From the perspective of Earth, M18 is situated between the Omega Nebula (M17) and the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud (M24).

NGC 381 is an open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia, located at a distance of approximately 3,120 light-years from the Sun. Credit for the discovery of this cluster was given to Caroline Herschel by her brother William in 1787, although she may never have actually seen it.

NGC 2204 is an open cluster of stars in the Canis Major constellation. It was discovered by the German-English astronomer William Herschel on 6 February 1785. The cluster has an integrated visual magnitude of 8.6 and spans a diameter of 10.0′. Resolving the individual member stars is a challenge with a 10 to 12-inch amateur telescope. It is located at a distance of approximately 13,400 light years from the Sun. The cluster shows a mean radial velocity of +91.38±0.30 km/s relative to the Sun, and is orbiting the inner galactic disk region about 1 kpc below the galactic plane.

56 Andromedae, abbreviated 56 And, is a probable binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 56 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.69, which is just bright enough to be dimly visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions. The distance to this system can be ascertained from its annual parallax shift, measured at 9.9 mas with the Gaia space observatory, which yields a separation of 330 light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +62 km/s and is traversing the celestial sphere at a relatively high rate of 0.183″ per year. This pair is positioned near the line of sight to the open cluster NGC 752, located 1,490 light-years away.

NGC 346 is a young open cluster of stars with associated nebula located in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that appears in the southern constellation of Tucana. It was discovered August 1, 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop. J. L. E. Dreyer described it as, "bright, large, very irregular figure, much brighter middle similar to double star, mottled but not resolved". On the outskirts of the cluster is the multiple star system HD 5980, one of the brightest stars in the SMC.

NGC 6738 is an astronomical feature that is catalogued as an NGC object. Although listed as an open cluster in some astronomical databases, it may be merely an asterism; a 2003 paper in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics describes it as being an "apparent concentration of a few bright stars on patchy background absorption".

NGC 6208 is an open cluster in the southern constellation of Ara. With an age of 1.17 Gigayears, it is one of the oldest known open clusters.

S Monocerotis, also known as 15 Monocerotis, is a massive multiple and variable star system located in the constellation Monoceros. It is the brightest star in the Christmas Tree open cluster in the area catalogued as NGC 2264.

NGC 2506 is a mildly-elongated open cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros, located at a distance of 12.7 kly from the Sun near the Galactic anti-center. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1791. The cluster lies around 10,000 ly from the Galactic Center and about 1,600 ly above the Galactic plane. It is of intermediate age, estimated at around two billion years. The cluster has an angular radius of 12′ and a core radius of 4.8′.

NGC 6388 is a globular cluster of stars located in the southern constellation of Scorpius. The cluster was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on May 13, 1826 using a 20 cm (9 in) reflector telescope. It was later determined to be a globular cluster by English astronomer John Herschel, who was able to resolve it into individual stars. NGC 6388 is located at a distance of approximately 35,600 light-years (10.90 kpc) from the Sun. Due to its apparent visual magnitude of +6.8, binoculars or a small telescope are required to view it.

NGC 1792 is a spiral galaxy located in the southern Columba constellation. It was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on October 4, 1826. This galaxy is located at a distance of about 36.4 million light-years and is receding from the Milky Way with a heliocentric radial velocity of 1,208 km/s. NGC 1792 is a member of the NGC 1808 cluster of galaxies.

NGC 433 is an open cluster in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia, located at a distance of 6,500 light years from the Sun. It was discovered on September 29, 1829, by John Herschel, and was described by John Dreyer as "cluster, small, a little compressed." The cluster is considered on the poor side, with only 12 stars above magnitude 16. It has a linear diameter of 26.3 ly, with around 479 times the mass of the Sun and an age of 65 million years.

NGC 4103 is an open cluster in the constellation Crux. It was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826. It is located approximately 5,000 light years away from Earth, in the Carina-Sagittarius arm.

Collinder 228 is an open cluster within the southern part of the Carina Nebula NGC 3372, about 25' south of $η$ Carinae. It is probably composed of stars which recently formed from the material in the nebula. QZ Carinae is the brightest member of Collinder 228 with an apparent magnitude between 6.16–6.49 .

NGC 4123 is a modest-sized, strongly-barred spiral galaxy located 75 million light-years away in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered February 25, 1784 by William Herschel. This is a member of the Virgo cluster, and it belongs to a group of three galaxies. A companion galaxy, NGC 4116, lies at an angular separation of 14′ to the southwest. There is no indication of an interaction between the two galaxies. The third member of the group is NGC 4179.

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1 2 3 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Turon, C.; Robichon, N.; Arenou, F.; Lebreton, Y. (May 13–16, 1997). "The Distance of the Pleiades and Nearby Clusters". Proceedings of the ESA Symposium 'Hipparcos - Venice '97'. Venice, Italy: ESA. Bibcode:1997ESASP.402..643M.
↑ Hünsch, M.; Weidner, C. & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (May 2003). "An X-ray study of the open clusters NGC 2451 A and B". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 571–586. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..571H. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030268 .
↑ Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L. (January 1999). "The Mass and Age of Very Low Mass Members of the Open Cluster alpha Persei". The Astrophysical Journal. 510 (1): 266–273. arXiv: astro-ph/9807145 . Bibcode:1999ApJ...510..266B. doi:10.1086/306564. S2CID 2562718.
↑ Lee, Myung Gyoon (February 1997). "UBVI CCD Photometry of the Remote Old Open Cluster AM-2". Astronomical Journal. 113: 729–739. Bibcode:1997AJ....113..729L. doi: 10.1086/118292 .
↑ "Hodge 301". The Hubble Heritage Project. NASA. April 1, 1999. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
↑ Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua (February 2000). "Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (2): 787–799. arXiv: astro-ph/9910426 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119..787G. doi:10.1086/301218. S2CID 118590210.
↑ "Cl Collinder 69". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.
↑ "Cl Collinder 135". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.
↑ "Cl Melotte 186". sim-id. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
↑ "NGC 2070". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
↑ Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000). The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. Vol. 355. pp. L27. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 978-0333750889.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
↑ van Leeuwen, F. (February 2013), "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 497 (1): 209–242, arXiv: 0902.1039 , Bibcode:2009A&A...497..209V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382, S2CID 16420237.
↑ Giardino, G.; et al. (October 2008). "The X-ray luminosity of solar-mass stars in the intermediate age open cluster NGC 752". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 490 (1): 113–123. arXiv: 0808.3451 . Bibcode:2008A&A...490..113G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810042. S2CID 18980057.
↑ "Cl Collinder 121". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.
↑ "Cl Collinder 261". sim-id. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
↑ Salaris, M; Weiss, A; Percival, S. M. (2004). "The age of the oldest Open Clusters" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics: 165–167.
↑ "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 2301. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
↑ Carraro, G.; Costa, E. (March 2007). "Photometry of the five marginally studied open clusters Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Haffner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen 4". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 464 (2): 573–580. arXiv: astro-ph/0611705 . Bibcode:2007A&A...464..573C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066350. S2CID 1419651.
↑ Sujatha, S.; Babu, G. S. D. (2003). "Study of open cluster NGC 2509". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 31: 9–18. Bibcode:2003BASI...31....9S.
↑ Baxter, Eric J.; et al. (September 2009), "The Distance to NGC 2264", The Astronomical Journal, 138 (3): 963–974, arXiv: 0907.3139 , Bibcode:2009AJ....138..963B, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/3/963, S2CID 7940517.
↑ Pandey, A. K.; et al. (January 2008). "Stellar contents and star formation in the young star cluster Be 59". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 383 (3): 1241–1258. arXiv: 0710.5429 . Bibcode:2008MNRAS.383.1241P. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12641.x . S2CID 6776240.
↑ Currie, Thayne; et al. (June 2009). "The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr Old Cluster NGC 2362". The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (1): 1–27. arXiv: 0903.2666 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...698....1C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/1. S2CID 9207187.
1 2 Paunzen, E.; et al. (July 2006). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. VII. Berkeley 11, Berkeley 94, Haffner 15, Lyngå 1, NGC 6031, NGC 6405, NGC 6834 and Ruprecht 130". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (1): 171–178. arXiv: astro-ph/0602567 . Bibcode:2006A&A...454..171P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054628. S2CID 5131254.
↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C. Jr. (April 2005). "Spatial dependence of 2MASS luminosity and mass functions in the old open cluster NGC 188". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 433 (3): 917–929. arXiv: astro-ph/0502453 . Bibcode:2005A&A...433..917B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041113. S2CID 5134042.
↑ Turner, David G.; et al. (September 1992). "Galactic clusters with associated Cepheid variables. II - NGC 129 and DL Cassiopeiae". Astronomical Journal. 104 (3): 1132–1143. Bibcode:1992AJ....104.1132T. doi:10.1086/116302.
↑ "open cluster NGC 6200". WEBDA. Universität Wien. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
↑ Carraro, Giovanni; Chaboyer, Brian; Perencevich, James (January 2006). "The young open cluster NGC 2129". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 365 (8): 867–873. arXiv: astro-ph/0510573 . Bibcode:2006MNRAS.365..867C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09762.x . S2CID 15621721.
↑ Frinchaboy, Peter M.; et al. (2008). "Open Clusters as Galactic Disk Tracers. I. Project Motivation, Cluster Membership, and Bulk Three-Dimensional Kinematics". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (1): 118–145. arXiv: 0804.4630 . Bibcode:2008AJ....136..118F. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/118. S2CID 16641439. See table I, p. 12.
↑ "The open cluster NGC 1980". In the Sky. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E. (22 October 2010). "The wide variety of evolutionary stages among 34 unstudied Teutsch open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521: A74. Bibcode:2010A&A...521A..74B. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015222 . hdl: 10183/99276 .
↑ Kharchenko, N. V; Piskunov, A. E; Röser, S; Schilbach, E; Scholz, R.-D (2005). "Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (3): 1163–1173. arXiv: astro-ph/0501674 . Bibcode:2005A&A...438.1163K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042523. S2CID 9079873.

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[aaa389-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Dias W.S.; Alessi B.S.; Moitinho A.; Lepine J.R.D. (July 2002). "New catalog of optically visible open clusters and candidates". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 389 (3): 871–873. arXiv: astro-ph/0203351 . Bibcode:2002A&A...389..871D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020668. S2CID 18502004. Note: see the VizieR catalogue B/ocl.

[pasp110-2] La Fuente, M. R. (1998). "Dynamical Evolution of Open Star Clusters". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 110 (751): 1117. Bibcode:1998PASP..110.1117D. doi: 10.1086/316220 .

[Perryman-3] Perryman, M.A.C.; et al. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 331: 81–120. arXiv: astro-ph/9707253 . Bibcode:1998A&A...331...81P.

[mnras365_2-4] Casewell, S. L.; Jameson, R. F.; Dobbie, P. D. (January 2006). "New stellar members of the Coma Berenices open star cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 365 (2): 447–453. arXiv: astro-ph/0510133 . Bibcode:2006MNRAS.365..447C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09689.x .

[arxiv0902-5] Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal . 700 (1): 137–148. arXiv: 0902.3913 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. S2CID 11347166.

[aaa345-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Robichon, N.; et al. (2005). "Open clusters with Hipparcos. I. Mean astrometric parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 345: 471–484. arXiv: astro-ph/9903131 . Bibcode:1999A&A...345..471R.

[aaass98-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Meynet, G.; Mermilliod, J.-C.; Maeder, A. (May 1993). "New dating of galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 98 (3): 477–504. Bibcode:1993A&AS...98..477M.

[aaa412-8] Paunzen, E.; Pintado, O. I.; Maitzen, H. M. (December 2003). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. V. NGC 2099, NGC 3114, NGC 6204, NGC 6705 and NGC 6756". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 412 (3): 721–725. arXiv: astro-ph/0310069 . Bibcode:2003A&A...412..721P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031065. S2CID 6381138.

[apj126_3-9] 1 2 Kalirai, Jasonjot Singh; Fahlman, Gregory G.; Richer, Harvey B.; Ventura, Paolo (September 2003). "The CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. IV. Two Rich, Young Open Star Clusters: NGC 2168 (M35) and NGC 2323 (M50)". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (3): 1402–1414. arXiv: astro-ph/0306241 . Bibcode:2003AJ....126.1402K. doi:10.1086/377320. S2CID 17018911.

[mnras342_4-10] Pinfield, D. J.; et al. (July 2003). "Brown dwarfs and low-mass stars in the Pleiades and Praesepe: membership and binarity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 342 (4): 1241–1259. arXiv: astro-ph/0303600 . Bibcode:2003MNRAS.342.1241P. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06630.x . S2CID 285922.

[11] "NGC 2632". sim-id. Retrieved 2020-06-11.

[Percival-12] Percival, S. M.; Salaris, M.; Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 429 (3): 887–894. arXiv: astro-ph/0409362 . Bibcode:2005A&A...429..887P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694. S2CID 14842664.

[aaa349-13] Sanner, J.; et al. (September 1999). "Photometric and kinematic studies of open star clusters. I. NGC 581 (M 103)". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 349: 448–456. arXiv: astro-ph/9908059 . Bibcode:1999A&A...349..448S.

[sp-402-14] 1 2 3 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Turon, C.; Robichon, N.; Arenou, F.; Lebreton, Y. (May 13–16, 1997). "The Distance of the Pleiades and Nearby Clusters". Proceedings of the ESA Symposium 'Hipparcos - Venice '97'. Venice, Italy: ESA. Bibcode:1997ESASP.402..643M.

[aaa402-15] Hünsch, M.; Weidner, C. & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (May 2003). "An X-ray study of the open clusters NGC 2451 A and B". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 571–586. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..571H. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030268 .

[apj510_1-16] Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L. (January 1999). "The Mass and Age of Very Low Mass Members of the Open Cluster alpha Persei". The Astrophysical Journal. 510 (1): 266–273. arXiv: astro-ph/9807145 . Bibcode:1999ApJ...510..266B. doi:10.1086/306564. S2CID 2562718.

[aj113-17] Lee, Myung Gyoon (February 1997). "UBVI CCD Photometry of the Remote Old Open Cluster AM-2". Astronomical Journal. 113: 729–739. Bibcode:1997AJ....113..729L. doi: 10.1086/118292 .

[heritage9912-18] "Hodge 301". The Hubble Heritage Project. NASA. April 1, 1999. Retrieved 2010-03-25.

[aj119_2-19] Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua (February 2000). "Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (2): 787–799. arXiv: astro-ph/9910426 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119..787G. doi:10.1086/301218. S2CID 118590210.

[20] "Cl Collinder 69". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.

[21] "Cl Collinder 135". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.

[mel186-22] "Cl Melotte 186". sim-id. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[SIMBAD-23] "NGC 2070". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 11 August 2017.

[tycho2-24] Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000). The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. Vol. 355. pp. L27. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 978-0333750889.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[AAA497_1_209-25] van Leeuwen, F. (February 2013), "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 497 (1): 209–242, arXiv: 0902.1039 , Bibcode:2009A&A...497..209V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382, S2CID 16420237.

[aaa490_1-26] Giardino, G.; et al. (October 2008). "The X-ray luminosity of solar-mass stars in the intermediate age open cluster NGC 752". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 490 (1): 113–123. arXiv: 0808.3451 . Bibcode:2008A&A...490..113G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810042. S2CID 18980057.

[27] "Cl Collinder 121". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2020-06-07.

[28] "Cl Collinder 261". sim-id. Retrieved 2020-06-11.

[29] Salaris, M; Weiss, A; Percival, S. M. (2004). "The age of the oldest Open Clusters" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics: 165–167.

[simbad-30] "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 2301. Retrieved 2019-04-30.

[aaa464_2-31] Carraro, G.; Costa, E. (March 2007). "Photometry of the five marginally studied open clusters Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Haffner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen 4". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 464 (2): 573–580. arXiv: astro-ph/0611705 . Bibcode:2007A&A...464..573C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066350. S2CID 1419651.

[basi31-32] Sujatha, S.; Babu, G. S. D. (2003). "Study of open cluster NGC 2509". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 31: 9–18. Bibcode:2003BASI...31....9S.

[AJ138_3_963-33] Baxter, Eric J.; et al. (September 2009), "The Distance to NGC 2264", The Astronomical Journal, 138 (3): 963–974, arXiv: 0907.3139 , Bibcode:2009AJ....138..963B, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/3/963, S2CID 7940517.

[mnras383_3-34] Pandey, A. K.; et al. (January 2008). "Stellar contents and star formation in the young star cluster Be 59". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 383 (3): 1241–1258. arXiv: 0710.5429 . Bibcode:2008MNRAS.383.1241P. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12641.x . S2CID 6776240.

[apj698_1-35] Currie, Thayne; et al. (June 2009). "The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr Old Cluster NGC 2362". The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (1): 1–27. arXiv: 0903.2666 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...698....1C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/1. S2CID 9207187.

[aaa454-36] 1 2 Paunzen, E.; et al. (July 2006). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. VII. Berkeley 11, Berkeley 94, Haffner 15, Lyngå 1, NGC 6031, NGC 6405, NGC 6834 and Ruprecht 130". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (1): 171–178. arXiv: astro-ph/0602567 . Bibcode:2006A&A...454..171P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054628. S2CID 5131254.

[aaa433_3-37] Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C. Jr. (April 2005). "Spatial dependence of 2MASS luminosity and mass functions in the old open cluster NGC 188". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 433 (3): 917–929. arXiv: astro-ph/0502453 . Bibcode:2005A&A...433..917B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041113. S2CID 5134042.

[turner1992-38] Turner, David G.; et al. (September 1992). "Galactic clusters with associated Cepheid variables. II - NGC 129 and DL Cassiopeiae". Astronomical Journal. 104 (3): 1132–1143. Bibcode:1992AJ....104.1132T. doi:10.1086/116302.

[webda-39] "open cluster NGC 6200". WEBDA. Universität Wien. Retrieved 2011-10-28.

[ras365-40] Carraro, Giovanni; Chaboyer, Brian; Perencevich, James (January 2006). "The young open cluster NGC 2129". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 365 (8): 867–873. arXiv: astro-ph/0510573 . Bibcode:2006MNRAS.365..867C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09762.x . S2CID 15621721.

[aj136-41] Frinchaboy, Peter M.; et al. (2008). "Open Clusters as Galactic Disk Tracers. I. Project Motivation, Cluster Membership, and Bulk Three-Dimensional Kinematics". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (1): 118–145. arXiv: 0804.4630 . Bibcode:2008AJ....136..118F. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/118. S2CID 16641439. See table I, p. 12.

[NGC_1980-42] "The open cluster NGC 1980". In the Sky. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

[bonatto2010-43] Bonatto, C.; Bica, E. (22 October 2010). "The wide variety of evolutionary stages among 34 unstudied Teutsch open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521: A74. Bibcode:2010A&A...521A..74B. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015222 . hdl: 10183/99276 .

[kharchenko-44] Kharchenko, N. V; Piskunov, A. E; Röser, S; Schilbach, E; Scholz, R.-D (2005). "Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (3): 1163–1173. arXiv: astro-ph/0501674 . Bibcode:2005A&A...438.1163K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042523. S2CID 9079873.

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v t e Stellar systems
Bound	Galaxy Dwarf galaxy Star cluster Hypercompact stellar system Globular cluster Dark globular cluster Open cluster List of most massive star clusters List of largest known star clusters Hypercompact stellar system Star system Binary star Planetary system
Unbound	Stellar stream Stellar association Moving group Runaway star Hypervelocity star
Visual grouping	Double star Multiple star Star cloud Asterism Constellation
Category:Star systems

List of open clusters

See also

Related Research Articles

References