Aquila (constellation)

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Aquila
Constellation
Aquila IAU.svg
List of stars in Aquila
AbbreviationAql
Genitive Aquilae [1]
Pronunciation /ˈækwɪlə/ Áquila,
occasionally /əˈkwɪlə/ ;
genitive /ˈækwɪliː/
Symbolismthe Eagle [1]
Right ascension 18h 41m 18.2958s–20h 38m 23.7231s [2]
Declination 18.6882229°–−11.8664360° [2]
Area 652 sq. deg. (22nd)
Main stars 10 [1]
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		65
Stars with planets 9
Stars brighter than 3.00m3
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)2
Brightest star Altair (α Aql) (0.76 m )
Messier objects 0
Meteor showers
Bordering
constellations
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −75°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.

Aquila is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greek-Roman mythology.

Contents

Its brightest star, Altair, is one vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism. The constellation is best seen in the northern summer, as it is located along the Milky Way. Because of this location, many clusters and nebulae are found within its borders, but they are dim and galaxies are few.

History

The constellation Aquila as it can be seen by the naked eye. AquilaCC.jpg
The constellation Aquila as it can be seen by the naked eye.

Aquila was one of the 48 constellations described by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy. It had been earlier mentioned by Eudoxus in the fourth century BC and Aratus in the third century BC. [3]

It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. The constellation was also known as Vultur volans (the flying vulture) to the Romans, not to be confused with Vultur cadens which was their name for Lyra. It is often held to represent the eagle which held Zeus's/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology. Aquila is also associated with the eagle that kidnapped Ganymede, a son of one of the kings of Troy (associated with Aquarius), to Mount Olympus to serve as cup-bearer to the gods. [1]

Ptolemy catalogued 19 stars jointly in this constellation and in the now obsolete constellation of Antinous, which was named in the reign of the emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138), but sometimes erroneously attributed to Tycho Brahe, who catalogued 12 stars in Aquila and seven in Antinous. Hevelius determined 23 stars in the first [4] and 19 in the second. [4] [3]

The Greek Aquila is probably based on the Babylonian constellation of the Eagle, but is sometimes mistakenly thought as a seagull which is located in the same area as the Greek constellation. [5]

Notable features

Stars

Aquila, which lies in the Milky Way, contains many rich starfields and has been the location of many novae. [1]

Animation fading-in of Aquila, Delphinus, Sagitta, and the summer Milky Way as seen in Dark-sky preserve Westhavelland

Novae

A bright nova was observed in Aquila in 1918 (Nova Aquilae 1918) and briefly shone brighter than Altair, the brightest star in Aquila. It was first seen by Zygmunt Laskowski [33] and was confirmed on the night of 8 June 1918. [34] Nova Aquilae reached a peak apparent magnitude of −0.5 and was the brightest nova recorded since the invention of the telescope. [35]

Deep-sky objects

IRAS 19024+0044 is a protoplanetary nebula in Aquila. IRAS 19024+0044.jpg
IRAS 19024+0044 is a protoplanetary nebula in Aquila.

Three interesting planetary nebulae lie in Aquila:

More deep-sky objects:

Aquila also holds some extragalactic objects. One of them is what may be the largest single mass concentration of galaxies in the Universe known, the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It was discovered in November 2013, and has the size of 10 billion light years. It is the biggest and the most massive structure in the Universe known.

Other

NASA's Pioneer 11 space probe, which flew by Jupiter and Saturn in the 1970s, is expected to pass near the star Lambda (λ) Aquilae in about 4 million years. [47]

Illustrations

In illustrations of Aquila that represent it as an eagle, a nearly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair.[ citation needed ]

Mythology

Aquila, with the now-obsolete figure of Antinous, as depicted by Sidney Hall in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London around 1825. At left is Delphinus. Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg
Aquila, with the now-obsolete figure of Antinous, as depicted by Sidney Hall in Urania's Mirror , a set of constellation cards published in London around 1825. At left is Delphinus.

According to Gavin White, the Babylonian Eagle carried the constellation called the Dead Man in its talons. The author also draws a comparison to the classical stories of Antinous and Ganymede. [5]

In classical Greek mythology, Aquila was identified as Αετός Δίας ( Aetos Dios ), the eagle that carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent by him to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede, whom he desired, to Mount Olympus; the constellation of Aquarius is sometimes identified with Ganymede. [1]

In the Chinese love story of Qi Xi, Niu Lang (Altair) and his two children (β and γ Aquilae) are separated forever from their wife and mother Zhi Nu (Vega), who is on the far side of the river, the Milky Way. [49]

In Hinduism, the constellation Aquila is identified with the half-eagle half-human deity Garuda. [50] [51]

In ancient Egypt, Aquila possibly was seen as the falcon of Horus. [52] According to Berio, the identification of Aquila as an Egyptian constellation, and not merely Graeco-Babylonian, is corroborated by the Daressy Zodiac. [53] It depicts an outer ring showing the Sphaera Graeca, the familiar Hellenistic zodiac, while the middle ring depicts the Sphaera Barbarica or foreigner's zodiac with the zodiacal signs of the Egyptian dodekaoros which were also recorded by Teucros of Babylon. [54] Under the sign of Sagittarius is the falcon of Horus, presumably because Aquila rises with Sagittarius.

Equivalents

In Chinese astronomy, ζ Aql is located within the Heavenly Market Enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán), and the other stars of the constellation are placed within the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ).

Several different Polynesian equivalents to Aquila as a whole are known. On the island of Futuna, it was called Kau-amonga, meaning "Suspended Burden". Its name references the Futunan name for Orion's belt and sword, Amonga. [55] In Hawaii, Altair was called Humu, translated to English as "to sew, to bind together parts of a fishhook." "Humu" also refers to the hole by which parts of a hook are bound together. [56] Humu-ma was said to influence the astrologers. [57] Pao-toa was the name for the entire constellation in the Marquesas Islands; the name meant "Fatigued Warrior". [58] Also, Polynesian constellations incorporated the stars of modern Aquila. The Pukapuka constellation Tolu, meaning "three", was made up of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Aquilae. [59] Altair was commonly named among Polynesian peoples, as well. The people of Hawaii called it Humu, the people of the Tuamotus called it Tukituki ("Pound with a hammer") [60] - they named Beta Aquilae Nga Tangata ("The Men") [61] - and the people of Pukapuka called Altair Turu and used it as a navigational star. [62] The Māori people named Altair Poutu-te-rangi, "Pillar of the Sky", because of its important position in their cosmology. It was used differently in different Māori calendars, being the star of February and March in one version and March and April in the other. Altair was also the star that ruled the annual sweet potato harvest. [63]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delphinus</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Delphinus is a small constellation in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere, close to the celestial equator. Its name is the Latin version for the Greek word for dolphin (δελφίς). It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. It is one of the smaller constellations, ranked 69th in size. Delphinus' five brightest stars form a distinctive asterism symbolizing a dolphin with four stars representing the body and one the tail. It is bordered by Vulpecula, Sagitta, Aquila, Aquarius, Equuleus and Pegasus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cepheus (constellation)</span> Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

Cepheus is a constellation in the deep northern sky, named after Cepheus, a king of Aethiopia in Greek mythology. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the second century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 constellations in the modern times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V1494 Aquilae</span> Nova seen in 1999 in the constellation of Aquila

V1494 Aquilae or Nova Aquilae 1999 b was a nova which occurred during 1999 in the constellation Aquila and reached a brightness of magnitude 3.9 on 2 December 1999. making it easily visible to the naked eye. The nova was discovered with 14×100 binoculars by Alfredo Pereira of Cabo da Roca, Portugal at 18:50 UT on 1 December 1999, when it had a visual magnitude of 6.0.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eta Aquilae</span> Multiple star in the constellation Aquila

Eta Aquilae is a multiple star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, the eagle. It was once part of the former constellation Antinous. Its apparent visual magnitude varies between 3.49 and 4.3, making it one of the brighter members of Aquila. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Gaia spacecraft on its third data release (DR3), this star is located at a distance of roughly 272 parsecs. The primary component is a Classical Cepheid variable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamma Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

Gamma Aquilae, Latinized from γ Aquilae, and formally known as Tarazed, is a star in the constellation of Aquila. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.712, making it readily visible to the naked eye at night. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of 395 light-years from the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iota Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

Iota Aquilae, Latinized from ι Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. It has the traditional name Al Thalimain, which it shares with λ Aquilae. The name is derived from the Arabic term الظليمینal-ẓalīmayn meaning "The Two Ostriches". With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.364, this star is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.34 ± 0.79 mas, it is located at a distance of around 390 light-years from Earth. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by 0.15 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omicron Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

Omicron Aquilae is the Bayer designation for a double star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. The brighter component has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.11, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye in dark suburban skies. The annual parallax shift of this star is 52.11 mas, which is equivalent to a physical distance of 62.6 light-years from Earth.

70 Aquilae, abbreviated 70 Aql, is a single orange-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 70 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. The distance to 70 Aquilae, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 3.5 mas, is around 940 light years. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −9 km/s.

4 Aquilae, abbreviated 4 Aql, is a single, white-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 4 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.02, making it a faint star visible to the naked eye. The distance to 4 Aql can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 6.7 mas, yielding an estimated range of around 480 light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −13 km/s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">21 Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

21 Aquilae is a solitary variable star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. It has the variable star designation V1288 Aql; 21 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of about 5.1. The star is located at a distance of around 680 light-years from Earth, give or take a 20 light-year margin of error. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of –5 km/s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">31 Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

31 Aquilae is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 31 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation b Aquilae. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.16 and is 49.5 light years from Earth. It has no known companions.

14 Aquilae is a probable spectroscopic binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 14 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation g Aquilae. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.42, and it is located at a distance of approximately 500 light-years from Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −39 km/s, and may come as close as 136 light-years in around 3.5 million years.

15 Aquilae is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 15 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the Bayer designation h Aquilae. The apparent visual magnitude is 5.41, so it is faintly visible to the naked eye. An optical companion, HD 177442, is 39 arc seconds away from it The distance to 15 Aquilae can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 11.27 mas, yielding a range of approximately 289 light-years from Earth with a 9 light-year margin of error.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">28 Aquilae</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

28 Aquilae, abbreviated 28 Aql, is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 28 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation A Aquilae, and the variable star designation V1208 Aquilae. It has an apparent visual magnitude is 5.5, making this a faint star that requires dark suburban skies to view. The annual parallax shift of 9.6 mas means this star is located at a distance of approximately 340 light-years from Earth.

58 Aquilae is a single star located around 520 light years from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, near Eta Aquilae. 58 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.60. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −53 km/s, and may come as close as 161 light-years in around 1.8 million years.

8 Aquilae is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, located 271 light years away from the Sun. 8 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It can be viewed with the naked eye in good seeing conditions, appearing as a dim, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +12 km/s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FF Aquilae</span> Star and possible star system in the constellation Aquila

FF Aquilae is a classical Cepheid variable star located in the constellation Aquila, close to the border with Hercules. It ranges from apparent magnitude 5.18 to 5.51 over a period of 4.47 days, meaning it is faintly visible to the unaided eye in rural or suburban settings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U Aquilae</span> Variable binary star system in the constellation Aquila

U Aquilae is a binary star system in the constellation Aquila, Located approximately 614 parsecs (2,000 ly) away from Earth.

Omega<sup>2</sup> Aquilae Star in the constellation Aquila

Omega2 Aquilae, Latinized from ω2 Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, the eagle. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.0, which is close to the lower limit of detectability with the naked eye. According to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, this star can be viewed from dark rural skies. As the Earth orbits about the Sun, this star undergoes a parallax shift of 11.7 mas. This is equivalent to a physical distance of 279 light-years from Earth, give or take a 2 light year margin of error. The star is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −26 km/s.

References

Citations
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  50. ↑ Raymond L. Langsten; Marc Jason Gilbert (1983), Research on Bengal: proceedings of the 1981 Bengal Studies Conference, Issue 34 of South Asia series, Michigan State University Asian Studies Center, Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1983, ... and the appearance of the constellation Aquila that marks ... As Aquila was an eagle for the Greeks, it is the Garuda kite to Hindus...
  51. ↑ V.Chandran (1993), Astronomy Quiz Book, Pustak Mahal, 1993, ISBN   978-81-223-0366-7, ... later spread to other cultures such as Arab, Hindu, Greek and Roman where the names were reinterpreted to suit the local cultures. Hence Aquila/Garuda, Leo/Singha, Hydra/Vasuki and other similarities in names ...
  52. ↑ Berio, Alessandro (2014). "The Celestial River: Identifying the Ancient Egyptian Constellations" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 253: 7. Bibcode:2014SPP...253....1B.
  53. ↑ Daressy, Georges (1916). "L'Égypte céleste". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. 12: 1–37. doi:10.3406/bifao.1916.1728.
  54. ↑ "Boll, Franz: Sphaera: neue griechische Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Sternbilder (Leipzig, 1903)". digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
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  56. ↑ Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
  57. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 212.
  58. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 240.
  59. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 262.
  60. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 263.
  61. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 256.
  62. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 264.
  63. ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 245.
References
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