Jiujiang 九江市 Kiukiang | |
---|---|
Coordinates(Jiujiang municipal government): 29°39′40″N115°57′14″E / 29.661°N 115.954°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Jiangxi |
Seat | Municipal seat |
Government | |
• Party Secretary | Liu Wenhua |
• Mayor | Yang Wenbin |
Area | |
• Prefecture-level city | 18,823 km2 (7,268 sq mi) |
• Urban | 598 km2 (231 sq mi) |
• Metro | 598 km2 (231 sq mi) |
Elevation | 20 m (70 ft) |
Highest elevation | 1,794 m (5,886 ft) |
Population (2020 census) | |
• Prefecture-level city | 4,600,276 |
• Density | 240/km2 (630/sq mi) |
• Urban | 2,814,240 |
• Urban density | 4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,164,268 |
• Metro density | 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi) |
GDP [2] | |
• Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 190.3 billion US$ 30.5 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 39,505 US$ 6,343 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
ISO 3166 code | CN-JX-04 |
Website | www |
Jiujiang | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 九江 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Postal | Kiukang | ||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Nine Rivers | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Jiujiang,formerly transliterated Kiukiang and Kew-Keang,is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi and its borders include Poyang Lake,the largest freshwater lake in China. Jiujiang is the fourth largest port on the Yangtze River [3] [4] and was one of the first five cities that were opened to foreign trade along the Yangtze River following the implementation of Deng Xiaoping's Opening-Up Policy. It is Jiangxi's only international trade port city.
Its population was 4,600,276 inhabitants at the 2020 census,1,164,268 of whom resided in the built-up area (metro) made up of three urban districts (aka Xunyang,Lianxi,and Chaisang). [5] In 2007,the city was named China's top ten livable cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report,which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum. [6] In 2022,the State Council of China granted Jiujiang the title of Famed National Historical and Cultural City for its rich history and multiculture background in the Republic of China era.
Map |
---|
In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiujiang sprang up to become Jiangxi's main water port today. From the Xia to the Shang dynasty,the capitals of several states were located in area of Jiujiang.[ citation needed ] In the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE) Jiujiang bordered between the states of Wu (downstream,to the east) and Chu (upstream,to the west).
Tao Yuanming (365–429 CE),a famous Chinese philosopher,recluse and poet,lived at the base of Mount Lu. He was once appointed magistrate of nearby Pengze County and after 83 days resigned owing to the politics involved in administering justice. He retired back to his village to pen an essay called "Peach Blossom Spring". In 757,Li Bai (701–762 CE) was implicated in the An–Shi disturbances and exiled at Jiujiang. Bai Juyi (772–846 CE) wrote a poem called "Lute Song",which is about his sadness and isolation of forced exile as a middle rank official to reside in such a small and remote town. In the 13th century Zhu Xi was a Confucian philosopher who practiced at the White Deer Grotto Academy,on Mount Lu's eastern flanks.
Jiujiang has also been known as Jiangzhou (江州) and Xunyang (浔阳) in former times. During the Jin dynasty (266–420) it was known as Sin Yang[ citation needed ],the Liang dynasty (502–557) of Southern and Northern Dynasties era it was called Jiangzhou. After reunification,the Sui dynasty saw its name as Jiujiang,and the Song dynasty (960–1127) called it Ting Jiang. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644),gave it Jiujiang which has retained its name to this day. It was a Taiping rebellion stronghold for five years (1850–1864) after they[ who? ] devastated the town to only leave one street with buildings intact. The city served as the capital of Taiping's Jiangxi province during this time.
A member of Lord Elgin's committee arriving in 1858 to survey Chinese ports for treaty status noted:"We found it to the last degree deplorable." A single dilapidated street,composed only of a few mean shops,was all that existed of this once thriving populous city. The remainder of the vast area composed within its massive walls 9–10 kilometers in circumference,contained nothing but ruins,weeds and kitchen gardens. After Jiujiang becoming an open treaty port in 1862,it was exporting Jiangxi's vast rice crop. In 1904,more than 160,000 kilos of opium were moved through its customs house. The New York Methodist Mission Society's superintendent,Virgil C. Hart,arrived in Kiukiang in 1866 and bought a piece of property just east of the city wall. This is where the city's first Methodist church and Western hospital was built,with the hospital renamed the No. 1 Hospital,and the oldest/continuous operating hospital in Jiangxi Province. [8] In 1896 Drs. Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu) and Ida Kahn (Kahn Cheng) arrived back in Jiujiang,being China's first two native female Western-educated doctors;having graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School. They were provided with funds collected by Dr. I. N. Danforth (from Chicago residents),to build the Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital and administered entirely by the native Chinese. This was later renamed Jiujiang Women's and Children's Hospital,and the nursing education by Drs. Stone and Kahn would later be the impetus for the founding of Jiujiang University and Jiujiang Medical School. [9]
It became one of the three centers of the tea trade in China along with Hankou and Fuzhou. The Russians had two brick tea producing factories,but ceased operations after 1917. On October 16,1927,there was an explosion of ammunition on the Chinese troopship Kuang Yuang near Jiujiang. [10] The British surrendered their concession in 1927 after being robbed and its Chinese workers mutineered their posts to the marauding crowds. An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian tea made for greater competition. A military advance was being staged upriver in Wuhan by the Kuomintang in 1927 and all the remaining expatriate community fled on British and American warships towards safer waters of Shanghai,to never return.[ citation needed ] Jiujiang languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting of Nanchang to coastal rail lines built in 1936–37.
After China's defeat in the Second Opium War,China and Britain signed the Treaty of Tientsin. At the beginning of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861),the British counsellor,Harry Parkes,went to the new port on the Yangtse River by naval vessel according to the treaty to investigate the situation and select the site of concession to be opened. After the concession sites of Zhenjiang and Hankou were delimit,on March 22,Harry Parkes returned to Jiujiang from Hankou and decided to open up a commercial port in Jiujiang. [11]
In the 11th year of xianfeng (1861),Zhang Jixin,general minister of Jiangxi province,signed with Harry Parkers the treaty of opening up the British concession in Jiujiang,the Treaty of Land Lease in Jiujiang. The concession was located in a narrow area on the west of Jiujiang,between the Yangtze River and Gantang Lake,to the west of Longkai River,with a length of 150 zhang from east to west and a depth of 60 zhang from south to north,covering an area of 150 acres. The southern part of the concession includes part of PenPu Port. [12]
In the early 20th century,Kuling on top of Mount Lu became the summer resort for international residents because of its beautiful geological landscape and nice climate. At the golden age,over 4000 foreigners from America and European countries lived in this small town in summer time. [13]
Kuling,on the slopes of a wide valley of Mount Lu,was established in 1895 by the missionaries Edward Selby Little,Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart and three others,as a sanitarium and rest resort for Western missionaries in southern China. They built their houses in the colonial style of architecture,and added churches,schools,and sports facilities. It was named by Little,as a pun:it is wonderfully cooling after the summer heat in the plains below. It was also a word that sounded conveniently Chinese to the local people,and has been adopted by them. Kuling was run by the missionaries in a Kuling Council that sold the plots of the land and with the proceeds paid for local services and security. In 1910,Caroline Maddock Hart and four others met to found the Nurses Association of China;with Caroline Maddock Hart being its first president.
In 1938,Jiujiang was occupied by Japanese forces during the Wuhan campaign. Following its capture,the city was the site of a "mini-Nanjing Massacre," where male residents were executed and women raped. [14] Many of the city's urban districts and suburban villages were razed,including the city's ceramics factories and boats used for transportation. [15]
Until 1949 Jiujiang had very little industry except for local handicrafts. Manufacturing is Jiujiang's backbone today with auto,machinery,petrochemical,shipbuilding and textiles as its cornerstones. After the completion of the Yangtze River Bridge in 1992 and the Beijing to Kowloon (Hong Kong) and Wuhan to Shanghai rail systems laid,a convenient ground corridor was provided and a regional airport now serves most of China's capital cities.
In 2005,an earthquake hit Ruichang. Kuling American School Association donated 200 sets of desks and chairs and more than 50 sets of Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary to a local primary school near Ruichang. [16] [17]
In 2021,Jiujiang's GDP is 373.528 Billion Yuan. Jiujiang's GDP ranks 70th among all Chinese cities. [21]
The city administers a total population of approximately 4,600,276 at the 2020 census of whom approximately 2,814,240 are urban living in the urban area. [5] The population density is 240 per km2. Han Chinese make up 99.8% of the population. Registered residents include 25 ethnic minorities. Six of them are major minorities in Jiujiang. They are:Hui,Miao,Zhuang,Tujia,and She.
Jiujiang dialect is unlike typical Gan dialect of Jiangxi. Jiujiang dialect is a variety of Lower Yangtze Mandarin and is close to Wu languages. [22]
Climate data for Jiujiang (1991–2014 normals,extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) | 29.1 (84.4) | 31.8 (89.2) | 34.1 (93.4) | 37.0 (98.6) | 38.6 (101.5) | 40.9 (105.6) | 40.9 (105.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 29.7 (85.5) | 22.8 (73.0) | 40.9 (105.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 22.1 (71.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 29.8 (85.6) | 33.7 (92.7) | 32.6 (90.7) | 28.7 (83.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 17.2 (63.0) | 10.9 (51.6) | 21.7 (71.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 29.8 (85.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 24.8 (76.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 13.3 (55.9) | 7.3 (45.1) | 17.8 (64.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 14.5 (58.1) | 19.5 (67.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 26.7 (80.1) | 25.9 (78.6) | 22.1 (71.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 10.4 (50.7) | 4.8 (40.6) | 15.0 (59.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | −5.3 (22.5) | −1.0 (30.2) | 3.6 (38.5) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.5 (58.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 14.3 (57.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | −0.7 (30.7) | −6.7 (19.9) | −6.7 (19.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 80.7 (3.18) | 99.2 (3.91) | 147.6 (5.81) | 166.6 (6.56) | 186.0 (7.32) | 229.3 (9.03) | 170.0 (6.69) | 123.3 (4.85) | 74.3 (2.93) | 73.5 (2.89) | 73.5 (2.89) | 54.0 (2.13) | 1,478 (58.19) |
Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 12.6 | 12.4 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 141.6 |
Average snowy days | 3.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 8 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 79 | 74 | 77 | 76 | 72 | 74 | 72 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86.0 | 90.3 | 109.6 | 135.3 | 148.8 | 133.9 | 197.0 | 188.7 | 158.0 | 152.5 | 124.4 | 113.0 | 1,637.5 |
Percent possible sunshine | 26 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 46 | 47 | 43 | 43 | 39 | 36 | 37 |
Source:China Meteorological Administration [23] [24] |
Primary industries and tertiary sector include: [25]
Source: [26]
Jiujiang Port is the largest port in Jiangxi Province located at the junction of the Yangtze River,Poyang Lake and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. From west to east,this port consists of five docks namely Ruichang,Chengxi,Chengqu,Hukou and Pengze. As an important port situated on the lower and middle reaches of Yangtze River and one of the 5 main ports on the river,many domestic and international marine routes have been established,In the main,the freight handled consists of mineral building materials,coals,metal and nonmetal ores and petroleum. [29]
At present,Jiujiang has two Bridges built across the Yangtze River. They are Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge and Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge. The third bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is under construction. The fourth bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is being designed [30] [31]
Jiangxi is an inland province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.
Jiujiang University is a local university in Jiujiang, northwestern of landlocked Jiangxi Province in China.
Jingdezhen is a prefecture-level city, in northeastern Jiangxi province, with a total population of 1,669,057 (2018), bordering Anhui to the north. It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing Chinese ceramics for at least 1,000 years, and for much of that period Jingdezhen porcelain was the most important and finest quality in China. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years.
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi Province, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperous East and South China, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.
Mount Lu or Lushan is a mountain situated in Jiujiang, China. It was also known as Kuanglu in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily in Lushan City within Jiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's Lianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 kilometers (16 mi) long and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, and neighbors Jiujiang and the Yangtze River to the north, Nanchang to the south, and Poyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1,474 meters (4,836 ft) above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called sea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.
The Beijing–Kowloon railway, also known as the Jingjiu railway is a dual track railway connecting Beijing West railway station in Beijing to Shenzhen railway station in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province.
Huanggang is a prefecture-level city in easternmost Hubei Province, China. It is situated to the north of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and is bounded in the north by the Dabie Mountains and is named after Mount Huanggang. It borders Henan in the north, Anhui in the east and Jiangxi in the south.
Wuxue, formerly Guangji County, is a county-level city on the north shore of the Yangtze River in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Wuxue falls under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Huanggang.
Jiangxi cuisine, also known as Gan cuisine, is a style of Chinese cuisine derived from the native cooking styles of Jiangxi province in southern China. According to the East China Travel Guide published in 1983, Jiangxi Cuisine has its unique taste which can be described in four Chinese idioms: 原汁原味(aim to bring out the own flavor of the cooking material),油厚不腻(dishes contained a significant amount of oil but the taste are not greasy),口味浓厚(dishes have really thick taste),咸鲜兼辣(always come with spicy solid, salty flavor). Jiangxi cuisine is widely popular within the ordinary family because most of the notable dishes from Jiangxi cuisine are the extension of homely dishes with solid local flavor.
Jiujiang Lushan Airport is an airport serving Jiujiang, a city in the province of Jiangxi in China. The airport began operations on June 18, 1998. All flights from the airport were suspended on March 21, 2015. The airport reopened on October 31, 2021.
The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge is a combined road-rail bridge over the Yangtze River near the city of Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province in eastern China. It links Xunyang District of Jiujiang, south of the river, with Xiaochi Town in Huangmei County, Hubei Province, to the north. The central section of the bridge uses a combined arch and truss structure and the bridge is one of the longest continuous truss bridges in the world, with a longest span of 216 meters (709 ft) and a total truss length of 1,314 meters (4,311 ft) =3x162+180+216+180+2x126. The double deck bridge carries four vehicular lanes and two sidewalks on the top deck and two railway tracks on the bottom deck.
Chaisang District, known as Jiujiang County before September 2017, is a district of the city of Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province, China. It has non-contiguous land area, with a smaller exclave to the northeast being separated by Lianxi District and Xunyang District.
Lushan railway station is a railway station located in the Chaisang District of Jiujiang, in Jiangxi province, eastern China.
Gongqingcheng is a sub-prefecture-level city in Jiangxi, People's Republic of China. It was established on 10 September 2010 in the jurisdiction of Jiujiang. It is located 62 kilometres (39 mi) north of Nanchang, the provincial capital. On 1 July 2014, it was re-designated as being directly administered by the province, i.e. a sub-prefecture-level city. Situated in the vicinity of De'an, Yongxiu, and Lushan counties, it lies in the foothills of Mount Lu and lies on the western shore of Poyang Lake. With an area of 193 square kilometres (75 sq mi), it is home to 120,000 people, including 68,000 permanent residents. There are plans for the city to expand the population to 400,000 people. It is the only city in China to be named after the Communist Youth League of China, which in Chinese is abbreviated to "共青团"; hence its name literally means "Communist Youth League City".
The Tongling–Jiujiang railway or Tongjiu railway, is a single-track railroad in eastern China between Tongling in Anhui Province and Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province. The line is 251 km (156 mi) long and follows the south bank of the Yangtze River. Major cities and towns along route include Tongling, Chizhou, Dongzhi County, Pengze, Hukou County and Jiujiang.
The Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge, also known as the Second Jiujiang Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge over the Yangtze River between Huangmei, Huanggang, in Hubei province and Jiujiang, in Jiangxi province. The bridge carries six lanes of traffic on the G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway and is the second Yangtze River crossing in Jiujiang. Construction of the bridge started on September 27, 2009, and the bridge was completed on October 28, 2013.
Jiangxi Lushan Football Club is a Chinese professional football club based in Ruichang, Jiangxi, that competes in China League One, the second tier of Chinese football. Jiangxi Lushan plays its home matches at the Ruichang Sports Park Stadium, located within Ruichang. The club was founded in Jiujiang, Jiangxi, and they are owned by the Jiujiang Liansheng Group. The club name Lushan derives from Mount Lu.
Jiangxi University of Technology is a private nonprofit university located in Nanchang, Jiangxi, China which was founded in 1994 and renamed from Jiangxi Blue Sky University in 2012. Jiangxi University of Technology has been ranked number 1 in private universities in China by the Network of Science and Education Evaluation in China since 2007.
The Nanchang–Jiujiang high-speed railway is a high-speed railway currently under construction in Jiangxi Province, China. The railway will have a design speed of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph). It is part of the Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei) corridor.
The British concession of Jiujiang was a foreign concession in the Chinese city of Jiujiang which was under the control of the British Empire. Established in 1861 in the aftermath of the Second Opium War as a result of the Treaty of Tientsin, the concession remained under British control until 1929, when it was ceded to the Republic of China under the terms of the Chen-O'Malley Agreement. The only one of its kind in Jiujiang, the concession became home to a sizeable community of European expatriates during its existence.