Glasgow City Council

Last updated

Glasgow City Council

Comhairle Baile Ghlaschu
Full council election every 5 years
Glasgow Coat of Arms 1996.svg
Coat of arms
Glasgow City Council logo.svg
Glasgow City Council logo
Type
Type
History
Founded1 April 1996
Preceded byGlasgow Corporation (c. 1175–1975)
City of Glasgow District Council (1975–1996)
Leadership
Jacqueline McLaren,
SNP
since 19 May 2022 [1]
Susan Aitken,
SNP
since 18 May 2017 [2]
Susanne Millar
since May 2024 [3]
Structure
Seats85 councillors
Political groups
Administration (37)
  SNP (37)
Other parties (48)
  Labour (34)
  Greens (11) [lower-alpha 1]
  Conservative (2)
  Independent (1)
Elections
Single transferable vote
Last election
 5 May 2022
Next election
6 May 2027
Motto
Let Glasgow Flourish
Meeting place
Glasgow City Chambers Exterior.jpg
City Chambers, George Square, Glasgow, G2 1DU
Website
www.glasgow.gov.uk

Glasgow City Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Ghlaschu) is the local government authority for Glasgow City council area, Scotland. In its modern form it was created in 1996. Glasgow was formerly governed by a corporation, also known as the town council, from the granting of its first burgh charter in the 1170s until 1975. From 1975 until 1996 the city was governed by City of Glasgow District Council, a lower-tier authority within the Strathclyde region.

Contents

Glasgow City Council has been under no overall control since 2017, being led by a Scottish National Party minority administration. The council has its headquarters at Glasgow City Chambers in George Square, completed in 1889.

History

Glasgow Corporation

Glasgow was given its first burgh charter sometime between 1175 and 1178 by William the Lion. [4] It was then run by "Glasgow Town Council", also known as "Glasgow Corporation", until 1975. The city was part of Lanarkshire until 1893, but the functions which operated at county level were relatively few, largely being limited to lieutenancy and sheriffdom. When elected county councils were created in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, Glasgow Corporation was deemed capable of running its own affairs and so the city was excluded from the area controlled by Lanarkshire County Council, although the county council nevertheless chose to meet in Glasgow as a conveniently accessible location. [5] [6] In 1893, Glasgow became its own county for lieutenancy and sheriffdom purposes too, being made a county of itself. [7]

The boundaries of the burgh were extended several times to incorporate areas where the urban zone outgrew the previous boundaries or where there were plans for development. These significant expansions comprise:

City of Glasgow District Council

Local government across Scotland was reorganised in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced the counties and burghs with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Glasgow became a district within the Strathclyde region. The local authority was therefore renamed the "City of Glasgow District Council". The Glasgow district covered a larger area than the pre-1975 city, gaining Baillieston, Cambuslang, Carmunnock, Carmyle, Garrowhill, Mount Vernon, Rutherglen, and Springboig. [15] [16] [17]

Glasgow City Council

Local government was reorganised again in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which abolished the regions and districts created in 1975 and established 32 single-tier council areas across Scotland, one being the city of Glasgow. The council adopted its modern name of "Glasgow City Council" following these reforms. The council area created in 1996 was smaller than the district which had existed between 1975 and 1996, with the Rutherglen and Cambuslang area being transferred instead to the new South Lanarkshire council area following a local referendum. [18] [19]

Political control

For political control before 1975 see Politics of Glasgow

The first election to the City of Glasgow District Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing corporation until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the reforms which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1975 has been as follows: [20]

City of Glasgow District Council

Party in controlYears
Labour 1975–1977
No overall control 1977–1980
Labour 1980–1996

Glasgow City Council

Party in controlYears
Labour 1996–2017
SNP 2017-Present

Leadership

For leaders before 1996 see Politics of Glasgow

The council is ceremonially headed by the Lord Provost of Glasgow, who convenes meetings of the council and performs associated tasks as a general civic leader. The role dates from the 15th century. Since 1893, when the city was made a county of itself, the Lord Provost has also acted as Lord Lieutenant of the city. The current Lord Provost, elected in May 2022 after that month's election, is Jacqueline McLaren.

Political leadership is provided by the leader of the council. The council changed from an executive-led governance system to a committee-led system in September 2017, with the leader of the council since then chairing the City Administration Committee. [21] The leaders since 1996 have been: [22]

CouncillorPartyFromTo
Bob Gould Labour 1 Apr 199623 Oct 1997
Frank McAveety Labour 23 Oct 19976 May 1999
Charlie Gordon Labour 20 May 199924 May 2005
Steven Purcell [23] Labour 24 May 20052 Mar 2010
Gordon Matheson Labour 13 May 201010 Sep 2015
Frank McAveety Labour 10 Sep 2015May 2017
Susan Aitken SNP 18 May 2017

Composition

Following the 2022 election and subsequent by-elections and changes of allegiance up to July 2024, the composition of the council was:

PartyCouncillors
SNP 37
Labour 34
Scottish Green 11 [lower-alpha 1]
Conservative 2
Independent 1
Total85
  1. 1 2 The Scottish Greens are in a working agreement with the SNP administration, but they do not form part of it.

The next election is due in 2027. [24]

Elections

The council consists of 85 councillors elected for a five-year term from 23 wards. Since 2007 elections have been held every five years under the single transferable vote system, introduced by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 to replace the first-past-the-post system.

The most recent full council election took place on 5 May 2022, in which no party held a majority of the seats, as had also been the case in the preceding 2017 election. The Scottish National Party remained the largest party, winning 37 seats, whilst Labour won 36 seats, an increase relative to its 2017 result. The Greens won ten seats, also improving on their position in 2017, whilst the Conservatives lost all but two councillors.

The next election is due to take place on 6 May 2027. Election results since 1995 have been as follows: [20]

YearSeats SNP Labour Green Conservative Liberal Democrats Independent / Other Notes
1995 831770311 [lower-alpha 1] Labour majority [25]
1999 792740111 [lower-alpha 2] New ward boundaries. [26] Labour majority [27]
2003 793710131 [lower-alpha 2] Labour majority [28]
2007 7922455151 [lower-alpha 3] New ward boundaries. [29] Labour majority [30]
2012 7927445111 [lower-alpha 4] Labour majority [31]
2017 8539317800New ward boundaries. [32] SNP minority [33]
2022 85373610200SNP minority

Premises

The council has its meeting place and main offices at Glasgow City Chambers in George Square. [34]

Glasgow Corporation was based at the Tolbooth at Glasgow Cross from at least the fifteenth century, which was rebuilt several times. The last Tolbooth on the site was built in 1626. Most of that building was demolished in 1921, leaving only the steeple standing as a clock tower. [35] [36]

Justiciary Buildings, Saltmarket: Corporation's meeting place 1814-1844 Glasgow buildings -93- (geograph 6259469).jpg
Justiciary Buildings, Saltmarket: Corporation's meeting place 1814–1844

In 1814 the corporation vacated the Tolbooth and moved to the new Justiciary Buildings on Saltmarket, overlooking Glasgow Green. The building served both as council chamber and offices for the corporation and as the courthouse for the Lower Ward of Lanarkshire. [37] In 1844 the corporation and sheriff court moved to the new Sheriff Court on Wilson Street. The Justiciary Buildings on Saltmarket thereafter served solely as a courthouse.

In 1889 the council moved to its own purpose-built headquarters at the City Chambers in George Square. [38]

Wards

Current multi-member wards by number Glasgow wards 2017 labelled.png
Current multi-member wards by number

The current multi-member ward system (23 wards, 85 seats) was introduced for the 2017 council election, replacing a similar model (21 wards, 79 seats) in place between 2007 and 2017:

Ward numberWardSeatsPopulation
(2015) [39]
1 Linn [lower-alpha 1] 429,575
2 Newlands/Auldburn [lower-alpha 2] 323,144
3 Greater Pollok [lower-alpha 3] 430,729
4 Cardonald [lower-alpha 4] 429,639
5 Govan [lower-alpha 5] 426,769
6 Pollokshields [lower-alpha 6] 427,983
7 Langside [lower-alpha 7] 429,060
8 Southside Central [lower-alpha 8] 425,266
9 Calton [lower-alpha 9] 427,460
10 Anderston/City/Yorkhill [lower-alpha 10] 430,184
11 Hillhead [lower-alpha 11] 325,411
12 Victoria Park [lower-alpha 12] 320,950
13 Garscadden/Scotstounhill [lower-alpha 13] 430,565
14 Drumchapel/Anniesland [lower-alpha 14] 429,432
15 Maryhill [lower-alpha 15] 322,244
16 Canal [lower-alpha 16] 425,000
17 Springburn/Robroyston [lower-alpha 17] 427,237
18 East Centre [lower-alpha 18] 427,991
19 Shettleston [lower-alpha 19] 425,806
20 Baillieston [lower-alpha 20] 321,663
21 North East [lower-alpha 21] 320,457
22 Dennistoun [lower-alpha 22] 320,861
23 Partick East/Kelvindale [lower-alpha 23] 428,914

Ward notes

  1. ↑ Carmunnock, Castlemilk, Cathcart (part), Croftfoot, King's Park (part), Muirend, Simshill
  2. ↑ Arden, Auldhouse, Carnwadric, Cowglen, Eastwood, Hillpark, Kennishead, Mansewood, Merrylee, Newlands, Pollokshaws
  3. ↑ Crookston (part), Darnley, Deaconsbank, Hurlet, Nitshill, Parkhouse, Pollok (part), Priesthill, Southpark
  4. ↑ Cardonald, Corkerhill, Crookston (part), Hillington, Mosspark, Penilee, Pollok (part)
  5. ↑ Cessnock, Drumoyne, Govan, Ibrox, Kinning Park, Shieldhall, Tradeston
  6. ↑ Bellahouston, Craigton, Dumbreck, Pollokshields, Port Eglinton, Shawlands (part), Strathbungo
  7. ↑ Battlefield, Cathcart (part), Langside, King's Park (part), Mount Florida, Shawlands (part), Toryglen
  8. ↑ Crosshill, Gorbals, Queen's Park, Govanhill, Hutchesontown, Oatlands
  9. ↑ Barrowfield, Bridgeton, Calton, Dalmarnock, Gallowgate, Newbank, Parkhead (part)
  10. ↑ Anderston, Charing Cross, Cowcaddens, Finnieston, Garnethill, Glasgow City Centre, Kelvingrove, Kelvinhaugh, Merchant City, Townhead, Yorkhill
  11. ↑ Hillhead, Kelvinbridge, North Kelvinside, Park District, St George's Cross, Woodlands, Woodside
  12. ↑ Anniesland (part), Broomhill, Glasgow Harbour, Jordanhill, Thornwood, Whiteinch
  13. ↑ Garscadden, Knightswood (part), Scotstounhill, Scotstoun, Yoker
  14. ↑ Anniesland (part), Blairdardie, Drumchapel, Knightswood (part), Old Drumchapel, Temple
  15. ↑ Gilshochill, Maryhill, Summerston, Wyndford
  16. ↑ Cadder, Colston, Hamiltonhill, Milton, Lambhill, Parkhouse, Port Dundas, Possilpark, Ruchill
  17. ↑ Balornock, Barmulloch, Millerston (part), Robroyston, Springburn
  18. ↑ Barlanark, Cranhill, Carntyne, Greenfield Riddrie, Springboig
  19. ↑ Braidfauld, Carmyle, Lilybank, Mount Vernon, Parkhead (part), Sandyhills, Shettleston, Tollcross
  20. ↑ Baillieston, Broomhouse, Easthall, Garrowhill, Swinton, Wellhouse
  21. ↑ Blackhill, Craigend, Easterhouse, Garthamlock, Hogganfield, Ruchazie
  22. ↑ Dennistoun, Germiston, Haghill, Royston, Sighthill
  23. ↑ Dowanhill, Hyndland, Kelvindale, Kelvinside, Partick (part)

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "Council minutes, 19 May 2022". Glasgow City Council. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  2. ↑ "SNP will run Glasgow Council as minority". 18 May 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  3. ↑ Paterson, Stewart (26 March 2024). "New chief executive appointed to Glasgow City Council". The Herald. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  4. ↑ Marwick, J. D. (1897). Charters and Documents relating to the City of Glasgow 1175–1649. British History Online. pp. v–xxiii. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  5. ↑ Guide to local government in parishes, counties and burghs. Edinburgh: Royal College of Physicians. 1892. pp. xxiii–xxx. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  6. ↑ "Preparing for the elections in Scotland". The County Council Magazine. London: F. Warne and Company. 1890. p. 284. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  7. ↑ "County of the City of Glasgow Act 1893 (c. 188)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  8. ↑ "Glasgow Magistrates and Police Act 1830 (c. 42)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  9. ↑ Glasgow Municipal, Police, and Statute Labour Act, 1846. 1846. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  10. ↑ "City of Glasgow Act 1891 (c. 130)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  11. ↑ "Glasgow Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1905 (c. 127)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  12. ↑ "Glasgow Boundaries Act 1912 (c. 95)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "Glasgow Boundaries Act 1925 (c. 131)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  14. ↑ "Glasgow Boundaries Order Confirmation Act 1937 (c. 6)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  15. ↑ "Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, 1973 c. 65, retrieved 29 January 2023
  16. ↑ Irene Maver. "Modern Times: 1950s to The Present Day > Neighbourhoods". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  17. ↑ "Scotland's Landscape: City of Glasgow". BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, 1994 c. 39, retrieved 29 January 2023
  19. ↑ "Priority is finding a way forward for Glasgow". The Herald. 4 September 2001. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  20. 1 2 "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  21. ↑ "Glasgow City Council: Review of Decision-Making Arrangements, 14th Sept 2017".
  22. ↑ "Council minutes". Glasgow City Council. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  23. ↑ "Steven Purcell resigns as councillor after quitting as Glasgow City Council leader". Daily Record. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  24. ↑ "Glasgow". Local Councils. Thorncliffe. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  25. ↑ Scottish Council Elections 1995 - Results and Statistics, H.M. Bochel, D.T. Denver, p.95-97
  26. ↑ "The Glasgow City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, SI 1998/3078, retrieved 29 January 2023
  27. ↑ Scottish Council Elections 1999 - Results and Statistics, H.M. Bochel, D.T. Denver
  28. ↑ Chapter 57 Clyde Councils, Local Election Results, 5th May 2003, Andrew Teale
  29. ↑ Scottish Parliament. The Glasgow City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 2006 as made, from legislation.gov.uk .
  30. ↑ Local Election Results 3rd May 2007, Andrew Teale (2008)
  31. ↑ Local Election Results 2012: Glasgow, Local Elections Archive Project (LEAP), Andrew Teale
  32. ↑ Scottish Parliament. The Glasgow City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 2016 as made, from legislation.gov.uk .
  33. ↑ Local Election Results 2017, Glasgow City Council
  34. ↑ "Contact us". Glasgow City Council. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  35. ↑ "Glasgow, High Street, Tolbooth Steeple". Canmore. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  36. ↑ Trongate, 1770 (Mitchell Library, Foulis Academy Prints), The Glasgow Story
  37. ↑ Historic Environment Scotland. "Justiciary Courts, excluding extension to Mart Street, 212 Saltmarket Street, Glasgow (LB32844)" . Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  38. ↑ City Chambers (Mitchell Library, Glasgow Collection), The Glasgow Story
  39. ↑ "Local Ward Factsheets". Glasgow City Council. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by LGC Council of the Year
2015		Succeeded by

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Renfrewshire</span> Council area of Scotland

East Renfrewshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It was formed in 1996, as a successor to the Eastwood district of the Strathclyde region. The northeastern part of the council area is close to Glasgow and many of the council area's northern settlements fall into the Greater Glasgow urban area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Lanarkshire</span> Council area of Scotland

North Lanarkshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the north-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains many of Glasgow's suburbs, commuter towns, and villages. It also borders East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Stirling, South Lanarkshire, and West Lothian. The council area covers parts of the historic counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire, and Stirlingshire. The council is based in Motherwell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanarkshire</span> Historic county in Scotland

Lanarkshire, also called the County of Lanark, is a historic county, lieutenancy area and registration county in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. The county is no longer used for local government purposes, but gives its name to the two modern council areas of North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falkirk (council area)</span> Council area of Scotland

Falkirk is one of 32 unitary authority council areas of Scotland. It was formed on 1 April 1996 by way of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 from the exact boundaries of Falkirk District, one of three parts of the Central region created in 1975, which was abolished at that time. Prior to the 1975 reorganisation, the majority of the council area was part of the historic county of Stirlingshire, and a small part, namely Bo'ness and Blackness, was part of the former county of West Lothian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunbartonshire</span> Historic county in Scotland

Dunbartonshire or the County of Dumbarton is a historic county, lieutenancy area and registration county in the west central Lowlands of Scotland lying to the north of the River Clyde. Dunbartonshire borders Perthshire to the north, Stirlingshire to the east, Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire to the south, and Argyllshire to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stirling (council area)</span> Council area of Scotland

The Stirling council area is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 92,530. It was created in 1975 as a lower-tier district within the Central region. The district covered parts of the historic counties of Stirlingshire and Perthshire, which were abolished for local government purposes. In 1996 the Central region was abolished and Stirling Council took over all local government functions within the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clydesdale (district)</span> Scottish local government district (1975–1996), part of Strathclyde region

Clydesdale was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996. The district was initially called Lanark when created in 1975, but changed its name to Clydesdale in 1980. Clydesdale was an old name for the county of Lanarkshire, one of the historic counties of Scotland. Both the names Clydesdale and Strathclyde reference the area's position in the valley of the River Clyde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strathkelvin</span>

Strathkelvin is the strath (valley) of the River Kelvin in west central Scotland, lying north-east of Glasgow. The name Strathkelvin was used between 1975 and 1996 for one of nineteen local government districts in the Strathclyde region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency, 2005 to 2024

Glasgow Central was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 2024. A Glasgow Central constituency existed from 1885 until its abolition in 1997. Prior to the 2005 general election, boundary changes led to a new constituency named Glasgow Central being introduced. The constituency was abolished again prior to the 2024 general election. Prior to its abolition, the seat was held by Alison Thewliss of the Scottish National Party (SNP). The first iteration of this constituency was the seat of the former Conservative Prime Minister Bonar Law, who was the shortest-serving UK Prime Minister of the twentieth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutherglen (UK Parliament constituency)</span> United Kingdom parliamentary constituency

Rutherglen is a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom since 2024. It also existed between 1918 and 2005 and was largely replaced by Rutherglen and Hamilton West while a small portion became part of Glasgow Central and Glasgow South.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Lanarkshire Council</span> Unitary authority for South Lanarkshire, UK

South Lanarkshire Council is the unitary authority serving the South Lanarkshire council area in Scotland. The council has its headquarters in Hamilton, has 16,000 employees, and an annual budget of almost £1bn. The large and varied geographical territory takes in rural and upland areas, market towns such as Lanark, Strathaven and Carluke, the urban burghs of Rutherglen, Cambuslang, and East Kilbride which was Scotland's first new town. The area was formed in 1996 from the areas of Clydesdale, Hamilton and East Kilbride districts, and some outer areas of Glasgow district ; all were previously within the Strathclyde region from 1975 but in historic Lanarkshire prior to that.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renfrewshire (historic)</span> Historic county and lieutenancy area of western Scotland

Renfrewshire or the County of Renfrew is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. The lieutenancy area covers the three modern council areas of Inverclyde, Renfrewshire and East Renfrewshire, and this area is occasionally termed Greater Renfrewshire to distinguish it from the modern council area called Renfrewshire. The historic county additionally included territory on the south-western edge of Glasgow which was gradually transferred to the administrative area of the city as it grew.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamilton (district)</span>

Hamilton was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996, lying to the south-east of the regional capital Glasgow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Kilbride (district)</span>

East Kilbride was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996, lying to the south of the regional capital Glasgow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">City of Edinburgh Council</span> Local government body in Scotland

The City of Edinburgh Council is the local government authority covering the City of Edinburgh council area. Almost half of the council area is the built-up area of Edinburgh, capital of Scotland. With a population of 514,990 in mid-2019, it is the second most populous local authority area in Scotland.

The politics of Glasgow, Scotland's largest city by population, are expressed in the deliberations and decisions of Glasgow City Council, in elections to the council, the Scottish Parliament and the UK Parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justiciary Buildings, Glasgow</span> Judicial building in Glasgow, Scotland

The Justiciary Buildings is a judicial complex in the Saltmarket in Glasgow, Scotland. The complex, which operates in conjunction with similar facilities in Edinburgh and Aberdeen, is dedicated for the use of the High Court of Justiciary, which is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. It is a Category A listed building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanark Sheriff Court</span> Judicial building in Lanark, Scotland

Lanark Sheriff Court is a judicial building in Hope Street, Lanark, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The building, which continues to serve as the local courthouse, is a Category B listed building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipalities of Scotland</span>

Below is a list of Municipalities of Scotland. Scottish municipalities have existed in the form of burgh, royal burgh, cities and, currently most common, local councils. Between 1855 and 1975, valuation rolls in Scotland were divided into counties and burghs. A burgh was a Scottish town which had certain privileges conferred by a charter and had a town council to run its affairs. Each burgh had its own separate legal and administrative status. A royal charter was issued to localities which were granted the title of royal burgh.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.