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In aviation, the first officer (FO), also called co-pilot, is a pilot in addition to the captain, who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft. [1]
Control of the aircraft is normally shared equally between the first officer and the captain, with one pilot normally designated the "pilot flying" and the other the "pilot not flying", or "pilot monitoring", for each flight. Even when the first officer is the flying pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers, and the crew. In typical day-to-day operations, the essential job tasks remain fairly equal. Often the first officer will log time as pilot in command under supervision (PICUS), for the purpose of working towards an airline transport pilot licence.
Traditionally, the first officer sits on the right-hand side of a fixed-wing aircraft ("right seat") and the left-hand side of a helicopter (the reason for this difference is related to, in many cases, the pilot flying being unable to release the right hand from the cyclic control to operate the instruments, thus they sit on the right side and do that with the left hand). [2]
On a long haul flight, there may be multiple captains and first officers on board, to act as relief crew. While the captain rests, the senior of first officers sits in the left-hand seat, as for example on Air France Flight 447.
Some airlines have the rank of "junior first officer", for pilots who are not yet fully qualified. [3] Modern airliners require two pilots. When a junior first officer is undergoing training, a safety pilot will sit in the jump seat to monitor the junior first officer and the captain. [4] [5] A junior first officer is sometimes known as a second officer. After a certain number of flight hours and experience, a first officer can be promoted to senior first officer. [6] A senior first officer will typically have at least 1,500 hours flight experience. [7]
Many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company, and seniority takes precedence over experience or skill, so a first officer can only pursue an upgrade to captain only when a slot becomes available, and only when seniority permits them to. If an experienced pilot moves to another airline, they will start at bottom of the category in pay and benefits since seniority is not transferrable. As a consequence, an airline first officer may be older and/or have more flight experience than a captain, by virtue of having experience from other airlines or the military. First officers who have stayed at their airline for a long time having accumulated much seniority often prefer not to seek a promotion to captain. Due to the airline's seniority system, making "the transition from first officer to captain means you’re going from the top of one category to the bottom of another". In other words, being a rookie captain means less choice in assignments which affects lifestyle, while only meriting a small raise over a first officer with lots of seniority. [8]
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In aviation, a safety pilot is used during pilot training.
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Second officer is a civil aviation rank, also known as junior first officer. It is used for pilots at an early stage of their career.
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