Allyl alcohol

Last updated
Allyl alcohol
Allylalcohol.png
Allyl-alcohol-3D-balls-2.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Prop-2-en-1-ol
Other names
Allyl alcohol
2-Propen-1-ol
1-Propen-3-ol [1]
Vinyl carbinol [1]
Allylic alcohol
Weed drench[ citation needed ]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
3DMet
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.156 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 203-470-7
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • BA5075000
UNII
UN number 1098
  • InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h2,4H,1,3H2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h2,4H,1,3H2
    Key: XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYAC
  • C=CCO
Properties
C3H6O
Molar mass 58.080 g·mol−1
Appearancecolorless liquid [1]
Odor mustard-like [1]
Density 0.854 g/ml
Melting point −129 °C
Boiling point 97 °C (207 °F; 370 K)
Miscible
Vapor pressure 17 mmHg [1]
Acidity (pKa)15.5 (H2O) [2]
-36.70·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Highly toxic, lachrymator
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg GHS-pictogram-skull.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg
Danger
H225, H301, H302, H311, H315, H319, H331, H335, H400
P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
3
1
Flash point 21 °C (70 °F; 294 K)
378 °C (712 °F; 651 K)
Explosive limits 2.5–18.0%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
80 mg/kg (rat, orally) [3]
1000 ppm (mammal, 1 hr)
76 ppm (rat, 8 hr)
207 ppm (mouse, 2 hr)
1000 ppm (rabbit, 3.5 hr)
1000 ppm (monkey, 4 hr)
1060 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
165 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
76 ppm (rat, 8 hr) [4]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
2 ppm [1]
REL (Recommended)
TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] [1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
20 ppm [1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH. Like many alcohols, it is a water-soluble, colourless liquid. It is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers. [5] Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols.

Contents

Production

Allyl alcohol is produced commercially by the Olin and Shell corporations through the hydrolysis of allyl chloride:

CH2=CHCH2Cl + NaOH → CH2=CHCH2OH + NaCl

Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. The advantage of this method relative to the allyl chloride route is that it does not generate salt. Also avoiding chloride-containing intermediates is the "acetoxylation" of propylene to allyl acetate:

CH2=CHCH3 + 1/2 O2 + CH3CO2H → CH2=CHCH2O2CCH3 + H2O

Hydrolysis of this acetate gives allyl alcohol. In alternative fashion, propylene can be oxidized to acrolein, which upon hydrogenation gives the alcohol.

In principle, allyl alcohol can be obtained by dehydrogenation of propanol.

Laboratory methods

In the laboratory, glycerol reacts with oxalic or formic acids to give (respectively) dioxalin or glyceric formate, either of which decarboxylate and dehydrate to allylol. [6] [7]

Allyl alcohols in general are prepared by allylic oxidation of allyl compounds, using selenium dioxide or organic peroxides. Other methods include carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions such as the Prins reaction, the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, or a variant of the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. Hydrogenation of enones is another route. Some of these methods are achieved by the Luche reduction, Wharton reaction, and the Mislow-Evans rearrangement.

Allyl alcohol was first prepared in 1856 by Auguste Cahours and August Hofmann by hydrolysis of allyl iodide. [5] Today a Allyl alcohol can be formed after trituration of garlic (Allium sativum) cloves (producing from garlic in two ways: firstly by a self-condensation reaction of allicin and its decomposition products such as diallyl trisulphide and diallyl disulphide and secondly by the reaction between alliin, the precursor of allicin, and water). [8]

Applications

Allyl alcohol is converted mainly to glycidol, which is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of glycerol, glycidyl ethers, esters, and amines. Also, a variety of polymerizable esters are prepared from allyl alcohol, e.g. diallyl phthalate. [5]

Allyl alcohol has herbicidal activity and can be used as a weed eradicant [9] ) and fungicide. [8]

Allyl alcohol is the precursor in the commercial synthesis of allyl bromide: [10]

CH2=CHCH2OH + HBr → CH2=CHCH2Br + H2O

Safety

Allyl alcohol is hepatotoxic. In rats, in vivo , allyl alcohol is metabolized by liver alcohol dehydrogenase to acrolein, which can cause damage to the microtubules of rat hepatocyte mitochondria and depletion of glutathione. [8] It is significantly more toxic than related alcohols. [5] [11] Its threshold limit value (TLV) is 2 ppm. It is a lachrymator. [5]

See also

Related Research Articles

Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCN and the structure H2C=CH−C≡N. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. It has a pungent odor of garlic or onions. Its molecular structure consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyacrylonitrile. It is reactive and toxic at low doses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allicin</span> Chemical compound

Allicin is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Allicin is unstable and quickly changes into a series of other sulfur-containing compounds such as diallyl disulfide. Allicin is an antifeedant, i.e. the defense mechanism against attacks by pests on the garlic plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allyl group</span> Chemical group (–CH₂–CH=CH₂)

In organic chemistry, an allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula −CH2−HC=CH2. It consists of a methylene bridge attached to a vinyl group. The name is derived from the scientific name for garlic, Allium sativum. In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl". The term allyl applies to many compounds related to H2C=CH−CH2, some of which are of practical or of everyday importance, for example, allyl chloride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allyl chloride</span> Chemical compound

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCH2Cl. This colorless liquid is insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents. It is mainly converted to epichlorohydrin, used in the production of plastics. It is a chlorinated derivative of propylene. It is an alkylating agent, which makes it both useful and hazardous to handle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acrylic acid</span> Chemical compound

Acrylic acid (IUPAC: prop-2-enoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclohexanol</span> Chemical compound

Cyclohexanol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH(CH2)5. The molecule is related to cyclohexane by replacement of one hydrogen atom by a hydroxyl group. This compound exists as a deliquescent colorless solid with a camphor-like odor, which, when very pure, melts near room temperature. Millions of tonnes are produced annually, mainly as a precursor to nylon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acrolein</span> Chemical compound

Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is a colorless liquid with a foul and acrid aroma. The smell of burnt fat is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein. It is produced industrially from propene and mainly used as a biocide and a building block to other chemical compounds, such as the amino acid methionine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclohexanone</span> Chemical compound

Cyclohexanone is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)5CO. The molecule consists of six-carbon cyclic molecule with a ketone functional group. This colorless oily liquid has a sweet odor reminiscent of benzaldehyde. Over time, samples of cyclohexanone assume a pale yellow color. Cyclohexanone is slightly soluble in water and miscible with common organic solvents. Millions of tonnes are produced annually, mainly as a precursor to nylon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isobutanol</span> Chemical compound

Isobutanol (IUPAC nomenclature: 2-methylpropan-1-ol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2OH (sometimes represented as i-BuOH). This colorless, flammable liquid with a characteristic smell is mainly used as a solvent either directly or as its esters. Its isomers are 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol, all of which are important industrially.

Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2Cl. This colorless liquid is a reactive organochlorine compound that is a widely used chemical building block.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alliin</span> Chemical compound

Alliin is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic are unstable and form a number of other compounds, such as diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DAT), dithiins and ajoene. Garlic powder is not a source of alliin, nor is fresh garlic upon maceration, since the enzymatic conversion to allicin takes place in the order of seconds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diallyl disulfide</span> Chemical compound

Diallyl disulfide is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and a few other plants in the genus Allium. Along with diallyl trisulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide, it is one of the principal components of the distilled oil of garlic. It is a yellowish liquid which is insoluble in water and has a strong garlic odor. It is produced during the decomposition of allicin, which is released upon crushing garlic and other plants of the family Alliaceae. Diallyl disulfide has many of the health benefits of garlic, but it is also an allergen causing garlic allergy. Highly diluted, it is used as a flavoring in food. It decomposes in the human body into other compounds such as allyl methyl sulfide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epichlorohydrin</span> Chemical compound

Epichlorohydrin is an organochlorine compound and an epoxide. Despite its name, it is not a halohydrin. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, garlic-like odor, moderately soluble in water, but miscible with most polar organic solvents. It is a chiral molecule generally existing as a racemic mixture of right-handed and left-handed enantiomers. Epichlorohydrin is a highly reactive electrophilic compound and is used in the production of glycerol, plastics, epoxy glues and resins, epoxy diluents and elastomers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propargyl alcohol</span> Chemical compound

Propargyl alcohol, or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O. It is the simplest stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group. Propargyl alcohol is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allyl bromide</span> Chemical compound

Allyl bromide (3-bromopropene) is an organic halide. It is an alkylating agent used in synthesis of polymers, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and other organic compounds. Allyl bromide is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples appear yellow or brown. It is an irritant and a potentially dangerous alkylating agent. Allyl bromide is more reactive but more expensive than allyl chloride, and these considerations guide its use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glycidol</span> Chemical compound

Glycidol is an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CHOCH2. The molecule contains both epoxide and alcohol functional groups. Being simple to make and bifunctional, it has a variety of industrial uses. The compound is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid that is slightly unstable and is not often encountered in pure form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloroacetaldehyde</span> Chemical compound

Chloroacetaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula ClCH2CHO. Like some related compounds, it is highly electrophilic reagent and a potentially dangerous alkylating agent. The compound is not normally encountered in the anhydrous form, but rather as the hemiacetal (ClCH2CH(OH))2O.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allyl acetate</span> Chemical compound

Allyl acetate is an organic compound with formula C3H5OC(O)CH3. This colourless liquid is a precursor to especially allyl alcohol, which is a useful industrial intermediate. It is the acetate ester of allyl alcohol.

Chester J. Cavallito was an American organic chemist. He was particularly known for his work on the chemistry of garlic. Beginning in 1944, with his colleagues, he reported on the isolation from crushed garlic, synthesis and antibiotic activity of a compound he named allicin. Cavallito established that allicin was a member of a class of organosulfur compounds known as thiosulfinates. He also synthesized and reported on the chemical and biological properties of a series of thiosulfinates related to allicin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allyl glycidyl ether</span> Chemical compound

Allyl glycidyl ether is an organic compound used in adhesives and sealants and as a monomer for polymerization reactions. It is formally the condensation product of allyl alcohol and glycidol via an ether linkage. Because it contains both an alkene and an epoxide group, either group can be reacted selectively to yield a product where the other functional group remains intact for future reactions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0017". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ↑ Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–88. ISBN   978-1498754286.
  3. ↑ Allyl alcohol toxicity
  4. ↑ "Allyl alcohol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Ludger Krähling; Jürgen Krey; Gerald Jakobson; Johann Grolig; Leopold Miksche (2002). "Allyl Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_425. ISBN   978-3527306732.
  6. ↑ Oliver Kamm & C. S. Marvel (1941). "Allyl alcohol". Organic Syntheses . 1: 15. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0015 .
  7. ↑ Cohen, Julius (1900). Practical Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p.  96. Practical Organic Chemistry Cohen Julius.
  8. 1 2 3 Lemar, Katey M.; Passa, Ourania; Aon, Miguel A.; Cortassa, Sonia; Müller, Carsten T.; Plummer, Sue; O'Rourke, Brian; Lloyd, David (2005). "Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans". Microbiology. 151 (10): 3257–3265. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.28095-0 . ISSN   1465-2080. PMC   2711876 . PMID   16207909.
  9. ↑ Laiho Mikola, O.P. "Studies on the effect of some eradicants on mycorrhizal development in forest nurseries" (PDF). helda.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  10. ↑ Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN   978-3-527-30385-4.
  11. ↑ "National Technical Information Service". US Environmental Protection Agency. 1984.
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