Kifo cha Yesu
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Kifo cha Yesu msalabani kilitokea huko Yerusalemu, nchini Israeli, siku ya Ijumaa, labda tarehe 7 Aprili 30 BK[1][2].
Tukio hilo[3], pamoja na ufufuko wa Yesu unaosadikiwa na Ukristo kutokea siku ya tatu (Jumapili ya Pasaka), ndiyo kiini cha imani ya dini hiyo mpya iliyotokana na ile ya Uyahudi.
Kwa Wakristo fumbo hilo la Pasaka ndilo kilele cha historia ya wokovu inayotangazwa na Biblia ya Kikristo.
Fumbo hilo lilisababisha kazi nyingi za sanaa ya Kikristo, hasa uchoraji na uchongaji.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Injili zote nne zinasimulia tukio hilo kinaganaga kuliko mengine yote ya maisha ya Yesu Kristo: ni kama simulizi la saa baada ya saa[4].
Kadiri ya (Mk 14:43–15:45; Math 26:46–27:60; Lk 22:47–23:53; Yoh 18:3–19:42), Ponsyo Pilato, liwali wa Palestina (26-36), aliamua Yesu aadhibiwe hivyo kulingana na shtaka la viongozi wa Wayahudi waliodai kwamba mtuhumiwa alijitangaza kuwa mfalme na kupinga mamlaka ya Kaisari wa Roma, kwa wakati huo Tiberius, ingawa Pilato alikuwa ametambua shtaka halikuwa la kweli, bali lilitokana na husuda[5][6][7][8].
Kadiri ya Injili ya Yohane, Pilato mwenyewe alisisitiza kwamba, katika maandishi yaliyotakiwa kuwajulisha watu sababu ya adhabu hiyo, iwekwe wazi kwamba Yesu aliuawa kama mfalme wa Wayahudi, ingawa neno hilo lilichukiza viongozi wa taifa.
Maneno ya ilani hiyo yaliandikwa katika lugha tatu:
- Kilatini: Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum, kifupi INRI,
- Kigiriki: Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ὁ Bασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίω. Kutokana na herufi hizo, Wagiriki wanaandika INBI.
- Kiebrania: ישוע הנוצרי ומלך היהודים. Herufi za kwanza za maneno hayo kwa Kiebrania ni יהוה, YHWH, ndilo jina takatifu la Mungu katika Biblia ya Kiebrania.
Yesu akiwa msalabani alisema maneno kadhaa. Kati ya hayo, ni maarufu maneno saba yaliyoripotiwa na Injili yakimuelekea Mungu Baba, Bikira Maria, Mtume Yohane na mhalifu aliyesulubiwa pamoja naye.
Maelezo ya teolojia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kifo cha Yesu kinaelezwa na Injili na vitabu vingine vya Agano Jipya kuwa kafara kwa fidia ya dhambi za ulimwengu mzima.[9]
Yesu alipokufa, nafsi yake ya Kimungu iliendelea kushikamana na roho na mwili vilivyotengana: kwa hiyo mwili wake uliozikwa haukuweza kuoza kaburini; roho yake ilishukia kuzimu kuwatoa waadilifu waliomtangulia awaingize pamoja naye mbinguni. “Mwili wake aliuawa, bali roho yake akahuishwa, ambayo kwa hiyo aliwaendea roho waliokaa kifungoni, akawahubiri” (1Pet 3:19). “Roho yake haikuachwa kuzimu, wala mwili wake haukuona uharibifu” (Mdo 2:31).
Mitazamo tofauti
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tangu kale walitokea watu waliokanusha ukweli wa kifo cha Yesu, hasa waliosema yeye hakuwa na mwili halisi, bali alionekana tu kuwa nao.[10][11].
Waislamu wanashikilia msimamo huo, kwamba Yesu hajafa kwa namna yoyote[12], bali alipalizwa mbinguni.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Christopher M. Tuckett in The Cambridge companion to Jesus edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press ISBN|978-0-521-79678-1 pp. 123–124
- ↑ Funk, Robert W.; Jesus Seminar (1998). The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0060629786.
- ↑ Eddy, Paul Rhodes and Gregory A. Boyd (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. uk. 172. ISBN 978-0801031144.
...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.
- ↑ Powell, Mark A. Introducing the New Testament. Baker Academic, (2009). ISBN 978-0-8010-2868-7
- ↑ Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan, eds. (2018). "Cross/Crucifixion". Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. . .
- ↑ The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 pp. 104–108
- ↑ Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies ISBN|0-391-04118-5 p. 316
- ↑ Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition ISBN|0-567-04090-9 p. 185
- ↑ Hawkin, David J. (2004). The twenty-first century confronts its gods: globalization, technology, and war. SUNY Press. uk. 121.
- ↑ Brox 1984, p. 306.
- ↑ Schneemelcher & Maurer 1994, p. 220.
- ↑ And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but rather, it was made to appear to them so. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise. Quran 4:157–158
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Brox, Norbert (1984). "'Doketismus' – eine Problemanzeige". Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte. 95. Kohlhammer Verlag: 301–314. ISSN 0044-2925.
- Cousar, Charles B. (1990). A Theology of the Cross: The Death of Jesus in the Pauline Letters. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1558-1.
- Dennis, John (2006). "Jesus' Death in John's Gospel: A Survey of Research from Bultmann to the Present with Special Reference to the Johannine Hyper-Texts". Currents in Biblical Research. 4 (3): 331–363. doi:10.1177/1476993X06064628. S2CID 170326371.
- Dilasser, Maurice (1999). The Symbols of the Church. ISBN 978-0-8146-2538-5.
- Green, Joel B. (1988). The Death of Jesus: Tradition and Interpretation in the Passion Narrative. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-145349-2.
- Humphreys, Colin J.; W. G. Waddington (Desemba 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature. 306 (5945): 743–746. Bibcode:1983Natur.306..743H. doi:10.1038/306743a0. S2CID 4360560.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rosenblatt, Samuel (Desemba 1956). "The Crucifixion of Jesus from the Standpoint of Pharisaic Law". Journal of Biblical Literature. 75 (4). The Society of Biblical Literature: 315–321. doi:10.2307/3261265. JSTOR 3261265.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McRay, John (1991). Archaeology and the New Testament. Baker Books. ISBN 0-8010-6267-5.
- Samuelsson, Gunnar. (2011). Crucifixion in Antiquity. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150694-9.
- Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Maurer, Christian (1994) [1991]. "The Gospel of Peter". Katika Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Wilson, McLachlan (whr.). New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings. New Testament Apocrypha. Juz. 1. Westminster John Knox Press. ku. 216–227. ISBN 978-0-664-22721-0. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 25, 2012.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sloyan, Gerard S. (1995). The Crucifixion of Jesus. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-2886-1.
Viungo vya nje
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