Олово
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Општа својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Име, симбол | олово, Pb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Изглед | металично сив | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
У периодноме систему | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомски број (Z) | 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Група, периода | група 14 (угљеникова група), периода 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Блок | p-блок | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Категорија | постпрелазни метал | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Рел. ат. маса (Ar) | 207,2(1)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ел. конфигурација | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
по љускама | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Физичка својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка топљења | 600,61 K (327,46 °C, 621,43 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка кључања | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Густина при с.т. | 11,34 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
течно ст., на т.т. | 10,66 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота фузије | 4,77 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота испаравања | 179,5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мол. топл. капацитет | 26,650 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Напон паре
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомска својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електронегативност | 1,87 (+2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Енергије јонизације | 1: 715,6 kJ/mol 2: 1450,5 kJ/mol 3: 3081,5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомски радијус | 175 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ковалентни радијус | 146±5 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Валсов радијус | 202 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Остало | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Кристална структура | постраничноцентр. кубична (FCC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Брзина звука танак штап | 1190 m/s (на с.т.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. ширење | 28,9 µm/(m·K) (на 25 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. водљивост | 35.3 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електроотпорност | 208 nΩ·m (на 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетни распоред | дијамагнетик | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетна сусцептибилност (χmol) | −23,0×10−6 cm3/mol (на 298 K)[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Јангов модул | 16 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул смицања | 5,6 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул стишљивости | 46 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Поасонов коефицијент | 0,44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мосова тврдоћа | 1,5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Бринелова тврдоћа | 38–50 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS број | 7439-92-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Историја | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Откриће | на Блиском истоку (7000. п. н. е.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Главни изотопи | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно о узорку | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LeadOreUSGOV.jpg/220px-LeadOreUSGOV.jpg)
У природи, олово се најчешће јавља у виду сулфида, PbS, као руда галенит.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Prirodnja%C4%8Dka_zbirka_03.jpg/220px-Prirodnja%C4%8Dka_zbirka_03.jpg)
Пржењем се руда преводи у оксид чијом редукцијом настаје сирово олово.[3] Сирово олово садржи: бакар, антимон, арсен, бизмут, цинк, сумпор, калај, сребро и злато. Пречишћавањем сировог олова (најчешће електролитичким путем) добија се чисто олово плавичастобеле боје, само на свежем пресеку је металног сјаја, но брзо потамни од створеног слоја оксида и базног олово(II) карбоната Pb(OH)2*2PbCO3, који га штите од даље оксидације. То је мек метал, велике густине и ниске температуре топљења.[4]
Олово се у дестилованој води не раствара, док се раствара у киселинама са оксидационим дејством (нпр. азотна киселина). При дејству разблажене сумпорне киселине ствара се заштитни слој олово- сулфата PbSO4 те растварање престаје. Алкалије не делују на олово. На ваздуху се фино спрашено олово тзв. пирофорно олово пали само од себе.
Олово (II) оксид се користи за глазирање керамичких производа, за израду минијума, као жута боја у сликарству. Олово се користи за израду лимова, канализационих и водоводних цеви уколико воде нису киселе; њиме се облажу електрични каблови и превлачи посуђе. Олово се користи и у војној индустрији, индустрији боја, за израду оловних акумулатора, за заштиту од рендгенског и радиоактивног зрачења.
Прве мине за оловке правиле су се од оловних руда, али их је у савременом добу заменио неотровни графит, који се комбинује са другим примесама.
Види још
[уреди | уреди извор]Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, стр. E110.
- ^ Parkes, G.D. & Phil, D. (1973). Melorova moderna neorganska hemija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga.
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3. изд.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Acton, Q. A., ур. (2013). Issues in Global Environment—Pollution and Waste Management: 2012 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN 978-1-4816-4665-9.
- Agency for Toxic Substances; Registry, Disease. „Information for the Community: Lead Toxicity” (MP4 webcast, 82 MB). Приступљено 11. 2. 2017.
- Agency for Toxic Substances; Registry, Disease (2017). „Lead Toxicity. What Are U.S. Standards for Lead Levels?”. Приступљено 12. 6. 2018.
- Alsfasser, R. (2007). Moderne anorganische Chemie [Modern inorganic chemistry] (на језику: German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019060-1.
- Union, American Geophysical (2017). „Human Activity Has Polluted European Air for 2000 Years”. Eos Science News. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 06. 2017. г. Приступљено 15. 08. 2020.
- Amstock, J. S. (1997). Handbook of Glass in Construction. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-001619-4.
- Anderson, J. (1869). „Malleability and ductility of metals”. Scientific American. 21 (22): 341—43. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican11271869-341.
- Ashikari, M. (2003). „The memory of the women's white faces: Japaneseness and the ideal image of women”. Japan Forum. 15 (1): 55—79. doi:10.1080/0955580032000077739.
- Assi, M. A.; Hezmee, M. N. M.; Haron, A. W.; et al. (2016). „The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health”. Veterinary World. 9 (6): 660—671. ISSN 0972-8988. PMC 4937060
. PMID 27397992. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671.
- Auer, Charles M.; Kover, Frank D.; Aidala, James V.; Greenwood, Mark (1. 3. 2016). Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress (PDF) (Извештај). EPA Alumni Association. Приступљено 1. 1. 2019.
- Audsley, G. A. (1965). The Art of Organ Building. 2. Courier. ISBN 978-0-486-21315-6.
- Baird, C.; Cann, N. (2012). Environmental Chemistry (5th изд.). W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-1-4292-7704-4.
- Becker, M.; Förster, C.; Franzen, C.; et al. (2008). „Persistent radicals of trivalent tin and lead”. Inorganic Chemistry. 47 (21): 9965—78. PMID 18823115. doi:10.1021/ic801198p.
- Beeman, J. W.; Bellini, F.; Cardani, L.; et al. (2013). „New experimental limits on the α decays of lead isotopes”. European Physical Journal A. 49 (50): 50. Bibcode:2013EPJA...49...50B. arXiv:1212.2422
. doi:10.1140/epja/i2013-13050-7.
- Beiner, G. G.; Lavi, M.; Seri, H.; et al. (2015). „Oddy Tests: Adding the Analytical Dimension”. Collection Forum. 29 (1–2): 22—36. ISSN 0831-4985. doi:10.14351/0831-4985-29.1.22
.
- Bharara, M. S.; Atwood, D. A. (2006). „Lead: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Lead: Inorganic Chemistry by Philip G. Harrison which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition”. Lead: Inorganic Chemistry. ISBN 978-0470860786. doi:10.1002/0470862106.ia118.
- Bisel, S. C.; Bisel, J. F. (2002). „Health and nutrition at Herculaneum”. Ур.: Jashemski, W. F.; Meyer, F. G. The Natural History of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press. стр. 451—75. ISBN 978-0-521-80054-9.
- Bisson, M. S.; Vogel, J. O. (2000). Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-0261-1.
- Blakemore, J. S. (1985). Solid State Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31391-9.
- Bouchard, M. F.; Bellinger, D. C.; Weuve, J.; et al. (2009). „Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults”. Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (12): 1313—9. ISSN 0003-990X. PMC 2917196
. PMID 19996036. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164.
- Bremner, H. A. (2002). Safety and Quality Issues in Fish Processing. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-85573-678-8.
- Brenner, G. A. (2003). Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-2477-6.
- Brescia, F. (2012). Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-14231-1.
- Bretherick, L. (2016). Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-6250-8.
- Bunker, B. C.; Casey, W. H. (2016). The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938425-9.
- Burbidge, E. M.; Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, W. A.; et al. (1957). „Synthesis of the Elements in Stars” (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (4): 547—654. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..547B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 24. 06. 2016. г. Приступљено 15. 08. 2020.
- Burleson, M. (2001). The Ceramic Glaze Handbook: Materials, Techniques, Formulas. Sterling. ISBN 9781579904395.
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife. „Nonlead Ammunition in California”. www.wildlife.ca.gov. Приступљено 17. 5. 2017.
- de Callataÿ, F. (2005). „The Graeco-Roman economy in the super long-run: Lead, copper, and shipwrecks”. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18: 361—72. doi:10.1017/S104775940000742X.
- Cama, T. (2017). „Interior secretary repeals ban on lead bullets”. The Hill. Приступљено 30. 5. 2018.
- Cangelosi, V. M.; Pecoraro, V. L. (2015). „Lead”. Ур.: Roduner, E. Nanoscopic Materials: Size-Dependent Phenomena and Growth Principles. Royal Society of Chemistry. стр. 843—875. ISBN 978-1-78262-494-3.
- Casciani, D. (2014). „Did removing lead from petrol spark a decline in crime?”. BBC News. Приступљено 30. 1. 2017.
- Ceccarelli, P. (2013). Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC- 150 BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967559-3.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). „Update: blood lead levels--United States, 1991-1994”. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 46 (7): 141—146. ISSN 0149-2195. PMID 9072671.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). „Radiation and Your Health”. Приступљено 28. 2. 2017.
- Christensen, N. E. (2002). „Relativistic Solid State Theory”. Ур.: Schwerdtfeger, P. Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory — Fundamentals. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. 11. Elsevier. стр. 867—68. ISBN 978-0-08-054046-7. doi:10.1016/s1380-7323(02)80041-3.
- Cohen, A. R.; Trotzky, M. S.; Pincus, D. (1981). „Reassessment of the Microcytic Anemia of Lead Poisoning”. Pediatrics. 67 (6): 904—906. PMID 7232054.
- Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials; Commission on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council (1999). Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials. National Academies Press. стр. 26, 30—32. ISBN 978-0-309-58070-0.
- University, Concordia (2016). Lead acid batteries (PDF) (Извештај). Приступљено 17. 2. 2019.
- Considine, D. M.; Considine, G. D. (2013). Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-6918-0.
- Association, Copper Development. „Leaded Coppers”. copper.org. Приступљено 10. 7. 2016.
- Cotnoir, B. (2006). The Weiser Concise Guide to Alchemy. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1-57863-379-1.
- Cox, P. A. (1997). The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution
. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855298-7.
- Crow, J. M. (2007). „Why use lead in paint?”. Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. Приступљено 22. 2. 2017.
- Dart, R. C.; Hurlbut, K. M.; Boyer-Hassen, L. V. (2004). „Lead”. Ур.: Dart, R. C. Medical Toxicology (3rd изд.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. стр. 1426. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
- Davidson, A.; Ryman, J.; Sutherland, C. A.; et al. (2014). „Lead”. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_193.pub3.
- de Marcillac, Pierre; Coron, Noël; Dambier, Gérard; et al. (2003). „Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth”. Nature. 422 (6934): 876—78. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..876D. PMID 12712201. doi:10.1038/nature01541.
- Delile, H.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Goiran, J.-P.; et al. (2014). „Lead in ancient Rome's city waters”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (18): 6594—99. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6594D. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4020092
. PMID 24753588. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400097111.
- Deltares; Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (2016). Lood en zinkemissies door jacht [Lead and zinc emissions from hunting] (PDF) (Извештај) (на језику: Dutch). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 08. 2017. г. Приступљено 18. 2. 2017.
- Dieter, R. K.; Watson, R. T. (2009). „Transmetalation reactions producing organocopper compounds”. Ур.: Rappoport, Z.; Marek, I. The Chemistry of Organocopper Compounds. 1. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 443—526. ISBN 978-0-470-77296-6.
- Donnelly, J. (2014). Deep Blue. Hachette Children's Group. ISBN 978-1-4449-2119-9.
- Downs, A. J.; Adams, C. J. (2017). The Chemistry of Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine: Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-5832-7.
- Duda, M. B. (1996). Traditional Chinese Toggles: Counterweights and Charms. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4260-61-9.
- Ede, A.; Cormack, L. B. (2016). A History of Science in Society, Volume I: From the Ancient Greeks to the Scientific Revolution, Third Edition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-3503-6.
- Emsley, J. (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
- „Encyclopedia Judaica: Ossuaries and Sarcophagi”. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Приступљено 14. 7. 2018.
- Eschnauer, H. R.; Stoeppler, M. (1992). „Wine—An enological specimen bank”. Ур.: Stoeppler, M. Hazardous Materials in the Environment. Elsevier Science. стр. 49–72 (58). ISBN 978-0-444-89078-8. doi:10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70103-3.
- Evans, J. W. (1908). „V.— The meanings and synonyms of plumbago”. Transactions of the Philological Society. 26 (2): 133—79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1908.tb00513.x.
- Finger, S. (2006). Doctor Franklin's Medicine
. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3913-3.
- Fiorini, E. (2010). „2.000 years-old Roman Lead for physics” (PDF). ASPERA: 7—8. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 04. 2018. г. Приступљено 29. 10. 2016.
- Frankenburg, F. R. (2014). Brain-Robbers: How Alcohol, Cocaine, Nicotine, and Opiates Have Changed Human History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-2932-1.
- Frebel, A. (2015). Searching for the Oldest Stars: Ancient Relics from the Early Universe. Princeton University. ISBN 978-0-691-16506-6.
- Freeman, K. S. (2012). „Remediating soil lead with fishbones”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (1): a20—a21. PMC 3261960
. PMID 22214821. doi:10.1289/ehp.120-a20a.
- Funke, K. (2013). „Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension”. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 14 (4): 1—50. Bibcode:2013STAdM..14d3502F. PMC 5090311
. PMID 27877585. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/14/4/043502.
- Gale, W. F.; Totemeier, T. C. (2003). Smithells Metals Reference Book. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-048096-1.
- Gilfillan, S. C. (1965). „Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome”. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 7 (2): 53—60. ISSN 0096-1736. PMID 14261844.
- Gill, T.; Libraries Board of South Australia (1974). The history and topography of Glen Osmond, with map and illustrations. Libraries Board of South Australia.
- Graedel, T. E.; et al. (2010). Metal stocks in Society – Scientific Synthesis (PDF) (Извештај). International Resource Panel. стр. 17. ISBN 978-92-807-3082-1. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 04. 2018. г. Приступљено 18. 4. 2017.
- Grandjean, P. (1978). „Widening perspectives of lead toxicity”. Environmental Research. 17 (2): 303—21. Bibcode:1978ER.....17..303G. PMID 400972. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(78)90033-6.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd изд.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
- Grout, J. (2017). „Lead poisoning and Rome”. Encyclopaedia Romana. Приступљено 15. 2. 2017.
- Guberman, D. E. (2016). „Lead”. 2014 Minerals Yearbook (PDF) (Извештај). United States Geological Survey. Приступљено 8. 5. 2017.
- Gulbinska, M. K. (2014). Lithium-ion Battery Materials and Engineering: Current Topics and Problems from the Manufacturing Perspective. Springer. стр. 96. ISBN 978-1-4471-6548-4.
- Guruswamy, S. (2000). Engineering properties and applications of lead alloys. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8247-4.
- Hadlington, T. J. (2017). On the Catalytic Efficacy of Low-Oxidation State Group 14 Complexes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-51807-7.
- Harbison, R. D.; Bourgeois, M. M.; Johnson, G. T. (2015). Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-92973-5.
- Hauser, P. C. (2017). „Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment”. Ур.: Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 17. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110434330. PMID 28731296. doi:10.1515/9783110434330-003.
- Hernberg, S. (2000). „Lead Poisoning in a Historical Perspective” (PDF). American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 38 (3): 244—54. PMID 10940962. doi:10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<244::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-F. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 21. 09. 2017. г. Приступљено 1. 3. 2017.
- „A History of Cosmetics from Ancient Times”. Cosmetics Info. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 07. 2016. г. Приступљено 18. 7. 2016.
- Hodge, T. A. (1981). „Vitruvius, lead pipes and lead poisoning”. American Journal of Archaeology. 85 (4): 486—91. JSTOR 504874. doi:10.2307/504874.
- Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-P.; Patterson, C. C.; et al. (1994). „Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations” (PDF). Science. 265 (5180): 1841—43. Bibcode:1994Sci...265.1841H. PMID 17797222. doi:10.1126/science.265.5180.1841.
- Hunt, A. (2014). Dictionary of Chemistry. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94178-9.
- IAEA - Nuclear Data Section (2017). „Livechart - Table of Nuclides - Nuclear structure and decay data”. www-nds.iaea.org. International Atomic Energy Agency. Приступљено 31. 3. 2017.
- Explorer, Insight; IPEN (2016). New Study Finds Lead Levels in a Majority of Paints Exceed Chinese Regulation and Should Not be on Store Shelves (PDF) (Извештај). Приступљено 3. 5. 2018.
- Ismawati, Yuyun; Primanti, Andita; Brosché, Sara; Clark, Clark; Weinberg, Jack; Denney, Valerie (2013). Timbal dalam Cat Enamel Rumah Tangga di Indonesia (PDF) (Извештај) (на језику: индонежански). BaliFokus & IPEN. Приступљено 26. 12. 2018.
- Jensen, C. F. (2013). Online Location of Faults on AC Cables in Underground Transmission. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-05397-4.
- Jones, P. A. (2014). Jedburgh Justice and Kentish Fire: The Origins of English in Ten Phrases and Expressions. Constable. ISBN 978-1-47211-389-4.
- Kaupp, M. (2014). „Chemical bonding of main-group elements” (PDF). Ур.: Frenking, G.; Shaik, S. The Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 1—24. ISBN 9783527664658. doi:10.1002/9783527664658.ch1.
- Kellett, C. (2012). Poison and Poisoning: A Compendium of Cases, Catastrophes and Crimes. Accent Press. ISBN 978-1-909335-05-9.
- King, R. B. (1995). Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements. VCH Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56081-679-9.
- Konu, J.; Chivers, T. (2011). „Stable Radicals of the Heavy p-Block Elements”. Ур.: Hicks, R. G. Stable Radicals: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects of Odd-Electron Compounds. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-77083-2. doi:10.1002/9780470666975.ch10.
- Kosnett, M. J. (2006). „Lead”. Ур.: Olson, K. R. Poisoning and Drug Overdose (5th изд.). McGraw-Hill Professional. стр. 238. ISBN 978-0-07-144333-3.
- Krestovnikoff, M.; Halls, M. (2006). Scuba Diving
. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7566-4063-7.
- Kroonen, G. (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. 11. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7.
- Langmuir, C. H.; Broecker, W. S. (2012). How to Build a Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14006-3.
- Lauwerys, R. R.; Hoet, P. (2001). Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring, Third Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-9383-8.
- Layton, M. (2017). „Lead faces threat of new Euro ban”. shootinguk.co.uk. Приступљено 30. 5. 2018.
- „Lead sling bullet; almond shape; a winged thunderbolt on one side and on the other, in high relief, the inscription DEXAI "Catch!"”. The British Museum. Приступљено 30. 4. 2012.
- „Lead garden ornaments”. H. Crowther Ltd. 2016. Приступљено 20. 2. 2017.
- „Lead in Waste Disposal”. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Приступљено 28. 2. 2017.
- „Lead mining”. The Northern Echo. Приступљено 16. 2. 2016.
- Levin, H. L. (2009). The Earth Through Time. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0.
- Levin, R.; Brown, M. J.; Kashtock, M. E.; et al. (2008). „Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: Implications for prevention”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 (10): 1285—93. PMC 2569084
. PMID 18941567. doi:10.1289/ehp.11241.
- Lewis, J. (1985). „Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective”. EPA Journal. 11 (4): 15—18. Приступљено 31. 1. 2017.
- Lide, D. R., ур. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th изд.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0484-2.
- Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Pak, V.; et al. (2015). „Early blood lead levels and sleep disturbance in preadolescence”. Sleep. 38 (12): 1869—74. PMC 4667382
. PMID 26194570. doi:10.5665/sleep.5230.
- Lochner, J. C.; Rohrbach, G.; Cochrane, K. (2005). „What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements?” (PDF). Goddard Space Flight Center. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 29. 12. 2016. г. Приступљено 2. 7. 2017.
- Lodders, K. (2003). „Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements” (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): 1220—47. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/375492.
- Luckey, T. D.; Venugopal, B. (1979). Physiologic and Chemical Basis for Metal Toxicity. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-1-4684-2952-7.
- Macintyre, J. E. (1992). Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-412-30120-9.
- Marino, P. E.; Landrigan, P. J.; Graef, J.; et al. (1990). „A case report of lead paint poisoning during renovation of a Victorian farmhouse”. American Journal of Public Health. 80 (10): 1183—85. PMC 1404824
. PMID 2119148. doi:10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1183.
- Markowitz, G.; Rosner, D. (2000). „"Cater to the children": the role of the lead industry in a public health tragedy, 1900–55”. American Journal of Public Health. 90 (1): 36—46. PMC 1446124
. PMID 10630135. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.1.36.
- Masters, S. B.; Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. (2008). Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Examination & Board Review (8th изд.). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-148869-3.
- McCoy, S. (2017). „The End of Lead? Federal Gov't Order Bans Sinkers, Ammo”. GearJunkie. Архивирано из оригинала 08. 03. 2020. г. Приступљено 30. 5. 2018.
- Meija, J.; et al. (2016). „Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265—291. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- Merriam-Webster. „Definition of LEAD”. www.merriam-webster.com. Приступљено 12. 8. 2016.
- Moore, M. R. (1977). „Lead in drinking water in soft water areas—health hazards”. Science of the Total Environment. 7 (2): 109—15. Bibcode:1977ScTEn...7..109M. PMID 841299. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(77)90002-X.
- More, A. F.; Spaulding, N. E.; Bohleber, P.; et al. (2017). „Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death” (PDF). GeoHealth. 1 (4): 211—219. ISSN 2471-1403. PMID 32158988. doi:10.1002/2017GH000064. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 18. 04. 2020. г. Приступљено 15. 08. 2020.
- Mosseri, S.; Henglein, A.; Janata, E. (1990). „Trivalent lead as an intermediate in the oxidation of lead(II) and the reduction of lead(IV) species”. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 94 (6): 2722—26. doi:10.1021/j100369a089.
- Mycyk, M.; Hryhorczuk, D.; Amitai, Y.; et al. (2005). „Lead”. Ур.: Erickson, T. B.; Ahrens, W. R.; Aks, S. Pediatric Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Poisoned Child. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-141736-5.
- Nakashima, T.; Hayashi, H.; Tashiro, H.; et al. (1998). „Gender and hierarchical differences in lead-contaminated Japanese bone from the Edo period”. Journal of Occupational Health. 40 (1): 55—60. doi:10.1539/joh.40.55
.
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (2004). Structural Shielding Design for Medical X-ray Imaging Facilities. ISBN 978-0-929600-83-3.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. „NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — Lead”. www.cdc.gov. Приступљено 18. 11. 2016.
- Navas-Acien, A. (2007). „Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (3): 472—482. PMC 1849948
. PMID 17431501. doi:10.1289/ehp.9785.
- Nikolayev, S., ур. (2012). „*lAudh-”. Indo-European Etymology. starling.rinet.ru. Приступљено 21. 8. 2016.
- Norman, N. C. (1996). Periodicity and the s- and p-Block Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855961-0.
- Nriagu, J. O. (1983). „Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats — Did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the Empire?”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 308 (11): 660—63. PMID 6338384. doi:10.1056/NEJM198303173081123.
- Nriagu, J. O.; Kim, M-J. (2000). „Emissions of lead and zinc from candles with metal-core wicks”. Science of the Total Environment. 250 (1–3): 37—41. Bibcode:2000ScTEn.250...37N. PMID 10811249. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00359-4.
- Safety, Occupational; Administration, Health. „Substance data sheet for occupational exposure to lead”. www.osha.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 16. 3. 2018. г. Приступљено 1. 7. 2017.
- Olinsky-Paul, T. (2013). „East Penn and Ecoult battery installation case study webinar” (PDF). Clean Energy States Alliance. Приступљено 28. 2. 2017.
- Palmieri, R., ур. (2006). The Organ. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7.
- „surma”. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd изд.). Oxford University Press. 2009.
- Park, J. H.; Bolan, N.; Meghara, M.; et al. (2011). „Bacterial-assisted immobilization of lead in soils: Implications for remediation” (PDF). Pedologist: 162—74. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 11. 2015. г.
- Parker, R. B. (2005). The New Cold-Molded Boatbuilding: From Lofting to Launching. WoodenBoat Books. ISBN 978-0-937822-89-0.
- Parthé, E. (1964). Crystal Chemistry of Tetrahedral Structures. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-677-00700-7.
- Pauling, L. (1947). General Chemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
- Peneva, S. K.; Djuneva, K. D.; Tsukeva, E. A. (1981). „RHEED study of the initial stages of crystallization and oxidation of lead and tin”. Journal of Crystal Growth. 53 (2): 382—396. Bibcode:1981JCrGr..53..382P. ISSN 0022-0248. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(81)90088-9.
- Petzel, S.; Juuti, M.; Sugimoto, Yu. (2004). „Environmental Stewardship with Regional Perspectives and Drivers of the Lead-free Issue”. Ур.: Puttlitz, K. J.; Stalter, K. A. Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-5249-1.
- Polyanskiy, N. G. (1986). Fillipova, N. A, ур. Аналитическая химия элементов: Свинец [Analytical Chemistry of the Elements: Lead] (на језику: руски). Nauka.
- Prasad, P. J. (2010). Conceptual Pharmacology. Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-679-9. Приступљено 21. 6. 2012.
- „Primary Lead Refining Technical Notes”. LDA International. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2007. г. Приступљено 7. 4. 2007.
- Progressive Dynamics, Inc. „How Lead Acid Batteries Work: Battery Basics”. progressivedyn.com. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 11. 2018. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2016.
- Putnam, B. (2003). The Sculptor's Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-42313-5.
- Pyykkö, P. (1988). „Relativistic effects in structural chemistry”. Chemical Reviews. 88 (3): 563—94. doi:10.1021/cr00085a006.
- Rabinowitz, M. B. (1995). „Imputing lead sources from blood lead isotope ratios”. Ур.: Beard, M. E.; Allen Iske, S. D. Lead in Paint, Soil, and Dust: Health Risks, Exposure Studies, Control Measures, Measurement Methods, and Quality Assurance. ASTM. стр. 63—75. ISBN 978-0-8031-1884-3. doi:10.1520/stp12967s.
- „Radioactive Decay Series” (PDF). Nuclear Systematics. MIT OpenCourseWare. 2012. Приступљено 28. 4. 2018.
- Ramage, C. K., ур. (1980). Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook
(3rd изд.). Lyman Products Corporation.
- Randerson, J. (2002). „Candle pollution”. New Scientist (2348). Приступљено 7. 4. 2007.
- Reddy, A.; Braun, C. L. (2010). „Lead and the Romans”. Journal of Chemical Education. 87 (10): 1052—55. Bibcode:2010JChEd..87.1052R. doi:10.1021/ed100631y.
- Retief, F.; Cilliers, L. P. (2006). „Lead poisoning in ancient Rome”. Acta Theologica. 26 (2): 147—64 (149—51). doi:10.4314/actat.v26i2.52570
.
- Rich, V. (1994). The International Lead Trade. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85709-994-5.
- Rieuwerts, J. (2015). The Elements of Environmental Pollution. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-85919-6.
- Riva, M. A.; Lafranconi, A.; d'Orso, M. I.; et al. (2012). „Lead poisoning: Historical aspects of a paradigmatic "occupational and environmental disease"”. Safety and Health at Work. 3 (1): 11—16. PMC 3430923
. PMID 22953225. doi:10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.1.11.
- Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. (2009). „The end of nucleosynthesis: Production of lead and thorium in the early galaxy”. The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (2): 1963—80. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1963R. arXiv:0904.3105
. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963.
- Rogalski, A. (2010). Infrared Detectors (2nd изд.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-7671-4. Приступљено 19. 11. 2016.
- Röhr, C. (2017). „Binare Zintl-Phasen” [Binary Zintl Phases]. Intermetallische Phasen [Intermettallic Phases] (на језику: German). Universitat Freiburg. Приступљено 18. 2. 2017.
- Rudolph, A. M.; Rudolph, C. D.; Hostetter, M. K.; et al. (2003). „Lead”. Rudolph's Pediatrics (21st изд.). McGraw-Hill Professional. стр. 369. ISBN 978-0-8385-8285-5.
- Samson, G. W. (1885). The divine law as to wines. J. B. Lippincott & Co.
- Scarborough, J. (1984). „The myth of lead poisoning among the Romans: An essay review”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 39 (4): 469—475. PMID 6389691. doi:10.1093/jhmas/39.4.469.
- Schoch, R. M. (1996). Case Studies in Environmental Science. West Publishing. ISBN 978-0-314-20397-7.
- Schoeters, G.; Den Hond, E.; Dhooge, W.; et al. (2008). „Endocrine disruptors and abnormalities of pubertal development” (PDF). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 102 (2): 168—175. PMID 18226071. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00180.x. hdl:1854/LU-391408.
- Sharma, H. R.; Nozawa, K.; Smerdon, J. A.; et al. (2013). „Templated three-dimensional growth of quasicrystalline lead”. Nature Communications. 4: 2715. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2715S. PMID 24185350. doi:10.1038/ncomms3715
.
- Sharma, H. R.; Smerdon, J. A.; Nugent, P. J.; et al. (2014). „Crystalline and quasicrystalline allotropes of Pb formed on the fivefold surface of icosahedral Ag-In-Yb”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 140 (17): 174710. Bibcode:2014JChPh.140q4710S. PMID 24811658. doi:10.1063/1.4873596.
- Silverman, M. S. (1966). „High-pressure (70-k) synthesis of new crystalline lead dichalcogenides”. Inorganic Chemistry. 5 (11): 2067—69. doi:10.1021/ic50045a056.
- Singh, P. (2017). „Over 73% of paints found to have excessive lead: Study”. Times of India. Приступљено 3. 5. 2018.
- Sinha, S. P.; Shelly; Sharma, V.; et al. (1993). „Neurotoxic effects of lead exposure among printing press workers”. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 51 (4): 490—93. PMID 8400649. doi:10.1007/BF00192162.
- Slater, J. C. (1964). „Atomic Radii in Crystals”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 41 (10): 3199—3204. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41.3199S. ISSN 0021-9606. doi:10.1063/1.1725697.
- Smirnov, A. Yu.; Borisevich, V. D.; Sulaberidze, A. (2012). „Evaluation of specific cost of obtainment of lead-208 isotope by gas centrifuges using various raw materials”. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 46 (4): 373—78. doi:10.1134/s0040579512040161.
- Sokol, R. C. (2005). „Lead exposure and its effects on the reproductive system”. Ур.: Golub, M. S. Metals, Fertility, and Reproductive Toxicity. CRC Press. стр. 117—53. ISBN 978-0-415-70040-5. doi:10.1201/9781420023282.ch6.
- Stabenow, F.; Saak, W.; Weidenbruch, M. (2003). „Tris(triphenylplumbyl)plumbate: An anion with three stretched lead–lead bonds”. Chemical Communications (18): 2342—2343. PMID 14518905. doi:10.1039/B305217F.
- Stone, R. (1997). „An Element of Stability”. Science. 278 (5338): 571—572. Bibcode:1997Sci...278..571S. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.571.
- Street, A.; Alexander, W. (1998). Metals in the Service of Man (11th изд.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-025776-2.
- Szczepanowska, H. M. (2013). Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Key Principles and Approaches. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-67474-4.
- Takahashi, K.; Boyd, R. N.; Mathews, G. J.; et al. (1987). „Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms” (PDF). Physical Review C. 36 (4): 1522—1528. Bibcode:1987PhRvC..36.1522T. OCLC 1639677. PMID 9954244. doi:10.1103/physrevc.36.1522. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 21. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013.
- Tarragó, A. (2012). „Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Lead Toxicity” (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
- Tétreault, J.; Sirois, J.; Stamatopoulou, E. (1998). „Studies of lead corrosion in acetic acid environments”. Studies in Conservation. 43 (1): 17—32. JSTOR 1506633. doi:10.2307/1506633.
- „Think Lead research summary” (PDF). The Lead Sheet Association. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 20. 02. 2017. г. Приступљено 20. 2. 2017.
- Thomson, T. (1830). The History of Chemistry. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley (publishers).
- Thornton, I.; Rautiu, R.; Brush, S. M. (2001). Lead: The Facts (PDF). International Lead Association. ISBN 978-0-9542496-0-1. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2017.
- Thürmer, K.; Williams, E.; Reutt-Robey, J. (2002). „Autocatalytic oxidation of lead crystallite surfaces”. Science. 297 (5589): 2033—35. Bibcode:2002Sci...297.2033T. PMID 12242437. doi:10.1126/science.297.5589.2033.
- Tolliday, B. (2014). „Significant growth in lead usage underlines its importance to the global economy”. International Lead Association. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 02. 2017. г. Приступљено 28. 2. 2017. „Global demand for lead has more than doubled since the early 1990s and almost 90% of use is now in lead-acid batteries”
- „Toronto museum explores history of contraceptives”. ABC News. 2003. Приступљено 13. 2. 2016.
- „Toxic Substances Portal – Lead”. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 6. 2011. г.
- „Toxicological Profile for Lead” (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 1. 7. 2017. г.
- „Trace element emission from coal”. IEA Clean Coal Centre. 2012. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 03. 2020. г. Приступљено 1. 3. 2017.
- Tuček, K.; Carlsson, J.; Wider, H. (2006). „Comparison of sodium and lead-cooled fast reactors regarding reactor physics aspects, severe safety and economical issues” (PDF). Nuclear Engineering and Design. 236 (14–16): 1589—98. doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.04.019.
- Tungate, M. (2011). Branded Beauty: How Marketing Changed the Way We Look. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-6182-9.
- UK Marine SACs Project (1999). „Lead”. Water Quality (Извештај). Архивирано из оригинала 17. 02. 2020. г. Приступљено 10. 6. 2018.
- United Nations Environment Programme (2010). Final review of scientific information on lead (PDF). Chemicals Branch, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. Приступљено 31. 1. 2017.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2010). „Metallurgical Industry:Secondary Lead Processing”. AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (5th изд.). Приступљено 20. 5. 2018.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2000). „Regulatory Status of Waste Generated by Contractors and Residents from Lead-Based Paint Activities Conducted in Households (August 2000)”. Приступљено 28. 2. 2017.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2005). „Best Management Practices for Lead at Outdoor Shooting Ranges” (PDF). Приступљено 12. 6. 2018.
- United States Food and Drug Administration (2015). Q3D Elemental Impurities Guidance for Industry (PDF) (Извештај). United States Department of Health and Human Services. стр. 41. Приступљено 15. 2. 2017.
- United States Geological Survey (1973). Geological Survey Professional Paper. United States Government Publishing Office. стр. 314.
- United States Geological Survey (2005). Lead (PDF) (Извештај). Приступљено 20. 2. 2016.
- United States Geological Survey (2017). „Lead” (PDF). Mineral Commodities Summaries. Приступљено 8. 5. 2017.
- University of California Nuclear Forensic Search Project. „Decay Chains”. Nuclear Forensics: A Scientific Search Problem. Приступљено 23. 11. 2015.
- Vasmer, M. (1986—1987) [1950–1958]. Trubachyov, O. N.; Larin, B. O., ур. Этимологический словарь русского языка [Russisches etymologisches Worterbuch] (на језику: руски) (2nd изд.). Progress. Приступљено 4. 3. 2017.
- Vogel, N. A.; Achilles, R. (2013). The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass (PDF) (Извештај). United States Department of the Interior. Приступљено 30. 10. 2016.
- Waldron, H. A. (1985). „Lead and lead poisoning in antiquity”. Medical History. 29 (1): 107—08. PMC 1139494
. doi:10.1017/S0025727300043878.
- Wani, A. L.; Ara, A.; Usman, J. A. (2015). „Lead toxicity: A review”. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 8 (2): 55—64. PMC 4961898
. PMID 27486361. doi:10.1515/intox-2015-0009.
- Weast, R. C.; Astle, M. J.; Beyer, W. H. (1983). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
- „Weatherings to Parapets and Cornices”. The Lead Sheet Association. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 02. 2017. г. Приступљено 20. 2. 2017.
- Webb, G. A. (2000). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-327-9.
- Webb, G. W.; Marsiglio, F.; Hirsch, J. E. (2015). „Superconductivity in the elements, alloys and simple compounds”. Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications. 514: 17—27. Bibcode:2015PhyC..514...17W. arXiv:1502.04724
. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2015.02.037.
- Whitten, K. W.; Gailey, K. D.; David, R. E. (1996). General chemistry with qualitative analysis (3rd изд.). Saunders College. ISBN 978-0-03-012864-6.
- Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N.; Holleman, A. F. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
- Wilkes, C. E.; Summers, J. W.; Daniels, C. A.; et al. (2005). PVC Handbook. Hanser. ISBN 978-1-56990-379-7.
- Willey, D. G. (1999). „The physics behind four amazing demonstrations — CSI”. Skeptical Inquirer. 23 (6). Приступљено 6. 9. 2016.
- Winder, C. (1993a). „The history of lead — Part 1”. LEAD Action News. 2 (1). ISSN 1324-6011. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 8. 2007. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2016.
- Winder, C. (1993b). „The history of lead — Part 3”. LEAD Action News. 2 (3). ISSN 1324-6011. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 8. 2007. г. Приступљено 12. 2. 2016.
- Windholz, M. (1976). Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs (9th изд.). Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-26-1. Monograph 8393.
- World Health Organization (1995). Environmental Health Criteria 165: Inorganic Lead (Извештај). Приступљено 10. 6. 2018.
- Organization, World Health (2000). „Lead” (PDF). Air quality guidelines for Europe. Regional Office for Europe. стр. 149–53. ISBN 978-92-890-1358-1. OCLC 475274390.
- Organization, World Health (2018). „Lead poisoning and health” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 17. 2. 2019.
- Association, World Nuclear (2015). „Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 12. 11. 2015.
- Wrackmeyer, B.; Horchler, K. (1990). 207Pb-NMR Parameters. Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy. 22. Academic Press. стр. 249—303. ISBN 978-0-08-058405-8. doi:10.1016/S0066-4103(08)60257-4.
- Yong, L.; Hoffmann, S. D.; Fässler, T. F. (2006). „A low-dimensional arrangement of [Pb9]4· clusters in [K(18-crown-6)]2K2Pb9·(en)1.5”. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 359 (15): 4774—78. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2006.04.017.
- Young, S. (2012). „Battling lead contamination, one fish bone at a time”. Compass. United States Coast Guard. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 06. 2013. г. Приступљено 11. 2. 2017.
- Yu, L.; Yu, H. (2004). Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society. Long River Press. ISBN 978-1-59265-017-0.
- Zhang, X.; Yang, L.; Li, Y.; et al. (2012). „Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184 (4): 2261—73. PMID 21573711. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2115-6.
- Zhao, F. (2008). Information Technology Entrepreneurship and Innovation. IGI Global. стр. 440. ISBN 978-1-59904-902-1.
- Zuckerman, J. J.; Hagen, A. P. (1989). Inorganic Reactions and Methods, the Formation of Bonds to Halogens. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-18656-4.
- Zweifel, H. (2009). Plastics Additives Handbook. Hanser. ISBN 978-3-446-40801-2.
- Zýka, J. (1966). „Analytical study of the basic properties of lead tetraacetate as oxidizing agent”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 13 (4): 569—81. doi:10.1351/pac196613040569. Приступљено 2. 3. 2017.
- Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O., ур. (2017). Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 17. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-044107-9. Table of contents
- Casas, J. S.; Sordo, J., ур. (2006). Lead Chemistry, Analytical Aspects. Environmental Impacts and Health Effects. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-52945-9.