Pasmina

Pasmina je specifična grupa domaćih životinja koje imaju homogen izgled (fenotip), homogeno ponašanje i/ili druge karakteristike koje je razlikuju od drugih organizama iste vrste. U literaturi postoji nekoliko neznatno odstupajućih definicija.^[2]^[3] Rase se formiraju genetskom izolacijom i prirodnom adaptacijom na životnu sredinu ili selektivnim uzgojem, ili kombinacijom ovo dvoje. Uprkos centralnom značaju ideje „pasmine“ u stočarstvu i poljoprivredi, ne postoji jedinstvena, naučno prihvaćena definicija pojma.^[4]^:340 Teorijskim razmatranjima je pokazano da je za pojam pasmina postoji beskonačan broj različitih različitih definicija, koje manje-više ispunjavaju uobičajene zahteve koji se nalaze u literaturi.^[3] Rasa stoga nije objektivna ili biološki proverljiva klasifikacija, već je umesto toga žargonski termin među grupama odgajivača koji dele konsenzus oko toga koji kvaliteti čine neke pripadnike date vrste članovima određene podgrupe.^[5]

Druga tačka gledišta je da je rasa dovoljno konzistentna po tipu da se logički grupiše i kada se pari unutar grupe proizvodi isti tip.^[6] Kada se uzgajaju zajedno, individue iste rase prenose ove predvidljive osobine na svoje potomstvo, a ova sposobnost – poznata kao „pravi uzgoj“ – je uslov za pasminu. Biljne pasmine su poznatije kao kultivari. Potomstvo proizvedeno kao rezultat uzgoja životinja jedne pasmine sa drugim životinjama druge pasmine je poznato kao melezi ili mešanci. Ukrštanja između životinjskih ili biljnih varijanti iznad nivoa pasmine/kultivara (tj. između vrsta, podvrsta, botaničkih varijeteta, čak i različitih rodova) se nazivaju hibridi.^[7]

U biološkoj taksonomiji, pasmina je neformalni rang u taksonomskoj hijerarhiji za koji postoje različite definicije. Ponekad se to koristi da se označi nivo ispod nivoa podvrste, dok se u drugim slučajevima koristi kao sinonim za podvrstu.^[8] Korišćena je kao viši rang od soja, pri čemu nekoliko sojeva koji čine jednu pasminu.^[9]^[10] Pasmine mogu biti genetski različite populacije individua unutar iste vrste,^[11] ili se mogu definisati na druge načine, npr. geografski, ili fiziološki.^[12] Genetska izolacija između pasmina nije potpuna, ali su se možda nakupile genetske razlike koje (još) nisu dovoljne da se razdvoje vrste.^[13]

Mnogi izvori prepoznaju ovaj termin, mada njega ne reguliše nijedan od formalnih kodeksa biološke nomenklature. Taksonomske jedinice ispod nivoa podvrste se obično ne primenjuju na životinje.^[14]

Oplemenjivanje: selekcija po uzgajivačima

Ovaj primer pokazuje tri različite rase domaćih svinja, koje se veoma razlikuju po izgledu.

Uzgajivač (ili grupa odgajivača) koji u početku uspostavljaju rasu to čine odabirom pojedinačnih životinja iz genskog fonda za koje vide da imaju neophodne kvalitete potrebne za poboljšanje modela rase kojem teže. Ove životinje se nazivaju temeljnim fondom. Štaviše, odgajivač pari najpoželjnije predstavnike rase sa svoje tačke gledišta, sa ciljem da takve karakteristike prenese na njihovo potomstvo. Ovaj proces je poznat kao selektivni uzgoj. Pisani opis poželjnih i nepoželjnih predstavnika rase se naziva standardom rase.

Karakteristike rase

Specifične karakteristike rase, poznate i kao osobine rase, su nasleđene, a čistokrvne životinje prenose takve osobine iz generacije u generaciju. Dakle, svi primerci iste rase nose nekoliko genetskih karakteristika originalnih osnovnih životinja. Da bi zadržao rasu, odgajivač bi izabrao one životinje sa najpoželjnijim osobinama kako bi postigao dalje održavanje i razvoj takvih osobina. U isto vreme, rasa bi izbegavala životinje koje imaju karakteristike nepoželjne ili nisu tipične za rasu, uključujući greške ili genetske defekte. Populaciju u okviru iste rase treba da čini dovoljan broj životinja za održavanje rase u okviru navedenih parametara bez potrebe prinudnog inbridinga.

Domaće rase životinja se obično razlikuju od zemlje do zemlje i od nacije do nacije. Rase koje potiču iz određene zemlje poznate su kao „domaće rase” te zemlje.

Reference

^ The Cattle Site: Breeds Brown Swiss Retrieved 22 February 2021
^ S. J. G. Hall, D. G. Bradley (1995), „Conserving livestock breed biodiversity”, TREE, 10 (7), str. 267—70, PMID 21237034, doi:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90005-5
^ ^a ^b G. Langer (2018), „Possible mathematical definitions of the biological term "breed"”, Archives Animal Breeding, 61 (2), str. 229—243, doi:10.5194/aab-61-229-2018 
^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 10 January 2017.
^ Jay Laurence Lush, A. B. Chapman (1994). The Genetics of Populations. Ames, Iowa: Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University. Cited in: Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629, page 340.
^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet. 1987 A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Cambridge University Press and the Museum of Natural History, page 40.
^ Banga, Surinder S. (November 25, 1998). Hybrid Cultivar Development, p. 119. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-63523-8
^ Keita, S O Y; Kittles, R A; Royal, C D M; Bonney, G E; Furbert-Harris, P; Dunston, G M; Rotimi, C N (2004). „Conceptualizing human variation”. Nature Genetics. 36 (11s): S17—S20. PMID 15507998. doi:10.1038/ng1455 . „Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations.”
^ Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Menken, S. B. J. (1993). „Host race formation in Tetranychus urticae: Genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain”. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Submitted manuscript). 68 (2): 171—178. S2CID 86180826. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x.
^ Ritchie, D. F.; Dittapongpitch, V. (1991), „Copper- and Streptomycin-resistant Strains and Host Differentiated Races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in North Carolina” (PDF), Plant Disease, 75 (7): 733—736, doi:10.1094/pd-75-0733
^ Walker, Peter M. B., ur. (2004) [1999]. „Race”. Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers. Republished without known revision several times since 1999, and originally published as: The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology. W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press. 1988.
^ Morris, Christopher, ur. (1992). „Race”. Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. San Diego / London: Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich). "Biology" entry, p. 1777. ISBN 978-0-12-200400-1. „an interbreeding subgroup of a species whose individuals are geographically, physiologically, or chromosomally distinct from other members of the species”
^ Jaenike, J. (1981), „Criteria for Ascertaining the Existence of Host Races”, The American Naturalist, 117 (5): 830—834, JSTOR 2460772, S2CID 84136840, doi:10.1086/283771
^ Haig, S.M.; Beever, E.A.; Chambers, S.M.; Draheim, H.M.; Dugger, B.D. (decembar 2006). „Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act”. Conservation Biology. 20 (6): 1584—1594. PMID 17181793. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Literatura

FAO. 2007. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
FAO. 2012. Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome.
FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. septembar 2018)
Lush, JL (1937), Animal Breeding Plans, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press
Kempthorne, O (1957), Introduction to Statistic Genetics, John Wiley & Sons
Van Vleck; L. D.; Searle; S. R. (1979), Variance components and animal breeding: proceedings of a conference in honor of C.R. Henderson, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Henderson, CR (1984), Applications of linear models in animal breeding, Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph, ISBN 0-88955-030-1
Hammond K. Gianola, D. (1990), Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences), Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, ISBN 3-540-50809-0
Massey, JW; Vogt, DW (1993), Heritability and Its Use in Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Arhivirano iz originala 12. 04. 2009. g., Pristupljeno 11. 02. 2022
Mrode, R. A. (1996), Linear models for the prediction of animal breeding values, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85198-996-9
Cameron, N. D. (1997), Selection indices and prediction of genetic merit in animal breeding, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85199-169-6
Dalton, C; Willis, MB (1998), Dalton's Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding, Oxford: Blackwell Science, ISBN 0-632-04947-2
Bourdon, RM (2000), Understanding animal breeding, Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-096449-2
Newman, S; Rothschild, MF (2002), Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics, Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub, ISBN 0-85199-641-8
FAO. (2007). The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
FAO. (2010). Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 3. Rome.
FAO. (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (n.d). „Selection of Swine Breeding Stock” (PDF). str. 1—4. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2011-09-29. g. Pristupljeno 2011-09-01.
James Warren Evans (1992). Horse breeding and management. Elsevier Health Science. ISBN 978-0-444-88282-0.

Spoljašnje veze

Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
- Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University
Animal Breeding - The Genetic Basis Of Animal Breeding, Economic Considerations, Modern Methods In Biotechnology, Artificial Insemination
Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
Guidelines For Uniform Swine Improvement Programs, National Swine Improvement Federation, 2003, Arhivirano iz originala 2008-10-21. g.
Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
bataille de la somme
Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Netherlands, Arhivirano iz originala 06. 08. 2009. g., Pristupljeno 11. 02. 2022
Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, University of Georgia, USA
Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Canada
Animal Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, USA
Animal Breeding & Genetics, Iowa State University, USA, Arhivirano iz originala 04. 03. 2009. g., Pristupljeno 11. 02. 2022
Breeding and Genetics Program, Colorado State University, USA, Arhivirano iz originala 2008-10-12. g.
Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Australia
European Graduate School in Animal Breeding and Genetics (EGS-ABG), AgroParisTech, France ; Wageningen University, Netherlands ; Aarhus University, Denmark ; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

[1] The Cattle Site: Breeds Brown Swiss Retrieved 22 February 2021

[2] S. J. G. Hall, D. G. Bradley (1995), „Conserving livestock breed biodiversity”, TREE, 10 (7), str. 267—70, PMID 21237034, doi:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90005-5

[MathBreed-3] G. Langer (2018), „Possible mathematical definitions of the biological term "breed"”, Archives Animal Breeding, 61 (2), str. 229—243, doi:10.5194/aab-61-229-2018 

[fao-4] Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 10 January 2017.

[lush-5] Jay Laurence Lush, A. B. Chapman (1994). The Genetics of Populations. Ames, Iowa: Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University. Cited in: Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629, page 340.

[6] Clutton-Brock, Juliet. 1987 A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Cambridge University Press and the Museum of Natural History, page 40.

[7] Banga, Surinder S. (November 25, 1998). Hybrid Cultivar Development, p. 119. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-63523-8

[Keita2-8] Keita, S O Y; Kittles, R A; Royal, C D M; Bonney, G E; Furbert-Harris, P; Dunston, G M; Rotimi, C N (2004). „Conceptualizing human variation”. Nature Genetics. 36 (11s): S17—S20. PMID 15507998. doi:10.1038/ng1455 . „Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations.”

[Gotoh-9] Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Menken, S. B. J. (1993). „Host race formation in Tetranychus urticae: Genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain”. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Submitted manuscript). 68 (2): 171—178. S2CID 86180826. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x.

[Ritchie-10] Ritchie, D. F.; Dittapongpitch, V. (1991), „Copper- and Streptomycin-resistant Strains and Host Differentiated Races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in North Carolina” (PDF), Plant Disease, 75 (7): 733—736, doi:10.1094/pd-75-0733

[Chambers_race-11] Walker, Peter M. B., ur. (2004) [1999]. „Race”. Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers. Republished without known revision several times since 1999, and originally published as: The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology. W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press. 1988.

[Morris_race-12] Morris, Christopher, ur. (1992). „Race”. Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. San Diego / London: Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich). "Biology" entry, p. 1777. ISBN 978-0-12-200400-1. „an interbreeding subgroup of a species whose individuals are geographically, physiologically, or chromosomally distinct from other members of the species”

[Jaenike-13] Jaenike, J. (1981), „Criteria for Ascertaining the Existence of Host Races”, The American Naturalist, 117 (5): 830—834, JSTOR 2460772, S2CID 84136840, doi:10.1086/283771

[14] Haig, S.M.; Beever, E.A.; Chambers, S.M.; Draheim, H.M.; Dugger, B.D. (decembar 2006). „Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act”. Conservation Biology. 20 (6): 1584—1594. PMID 17181793. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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