Adaptacija

Adaptacija ili prilagođavanje je navikavanje organizma sredini — okolini.^[1] Svaki organizam jeste u dinamičnom odnosu sa svojom okolinom težeći da se održi u životu. Adaptacija je način na koji se organizam održava u životu u promenjivim životnim okolnostima.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Adaptacija može biti: a) pasivna, gde organizam menja svoja funkcionalna svojstva shodno promenama u životnoj okolini, b) aktivna, gde organizam napušta neodgovarajuću okolinu i naseljava onu koja mu odgovara, i v) aktivna, gde organizam menja okolinu i prilagođava je svojim potrebama. U biologiji se još razlikuje: ontogenetska adaptacija - prilagođavanje jedinke, i filogenetska adaptacija - prilagođavanje vrste kroz evoluciju. U fiziologiji i psihologiji pod adaptacijom se podrazumeva sposobnost čula da ne reaguju na dugotrajne, ne prejake čulne podražaje. Time se čulni organi rasterećuju i oslobađaju izvesnih iritirajućih podražaja iz sredine. U tehnici, adaptacija označava takvu aktivnost kojom se tehnička sredstva i tehnička sredina preuređuju kako bi ostvarili neku novu funkciju ili raniju funkciju koja se vremenom usled rada poremetila. U društvenim naukama adaptacija se koristi u više značenja, a najčešće da bi se označilo prilagođavanje ponašanja subjekta društvenim standardima u koju se integriše. U ergonomiji su aktuelna sva značenja pojma adaptacije.

Istorija

Adaptacija je uočljiva životna činjenica koju su filozofi i istoričari prirode prihvatili od antičkih vremena, nezavisno od njihovih pogleda na evoluciju, ali njihova objašnjenja su se razlikovala. Empedokle nije verovao da prilagođavanje zahteva konačni uzrok (svrhu), ali je mislio da je „došlo prirodno, pošto su takve stvari preživele“. Aristotel jeste verovao u konačne uzroke, ali je pretpostavio da su vrste fiksne.^[6]

U prirodnoj teologiji prilagođavanje je tumačeno kao delo božanstva i kao dokaz postojanja Boga.^[7] Vilijam Pejli je verovao da su organizmi savršeno prilagođeni životima koji su vodili, što je argument koji je zasenio Gotfrida Vilhelma Lajbnica, koji je tvrdio da je Bog stvorio „najbolji od svih mogućih svetova“. Volterova satira Dr. Panglos^[8] je parodija na ovu optimističku ideju, a Dejvid Hjum je takođe bio protiv dizajna.^[9] Bridžvoterski traktati su proizvod prirodne teologije, iako su neki od autora uspeli da predstave svoje delo na prilično neutralan način. Seriju je ismevao Robert Noks, koji je imao kvazievoluciona gledišta, kao Bilgevoterske traktate. Čarls Darvin je prekinuo tradiciju naglašavajući mane i ograničenja koja su se javljala u životinjskom i biljnom svetu.^[10]

Žan-Batist Lamark je predložio tendenciju da organizmi postanu složeniji, pomerajući se na lestvici napretka, plus „uticaj okolnosti“, koji se obično izražava kao „upotreba i neupotreba”.^[11] Ovaj drugi, pomoćni element njegove teorije je ono što se danas naziva lamarkizam, protoevoluciona hipoteza o nasleđivanju stečenih karakteristika, namenjena da objasni adaptacije prirodnim sredstvima.^[12]

Drugi istoričari prirode, kao što je Bufon, prihvatili su adaptaciju, a neki su takođe prihvatili evoluciju, ne iznevši svoje mišljenje o mehanizmu. Ovo ilustruje stvarnu zaslugu Darvina i Alfreda Rasela Volasa, i sekundarnih ličnosti kao što je Henri Volter Bejts, za iznošenje mehanizma čiji se značaj ranije samo nazirao. Jedan vek kasnije, eksperimentalne terenske studije i eksperimenti u uzgoju koje su sproveli naučnici kao što su E. B. Ford i Teodosije Dobžanski dali su dokaze da prirodna selekcija nije bila samo 'motor' iza adaptacije, već je bila mnogo jača sila nego što se ranije mislilo.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Reference

^ Dobzhansky T. : Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, New York. Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0.
^ Campbell N. A. : Biology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Comp., Inc., Menlo Parc (CA), USA. Campbell, Neil A. (1996). Biology. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8053-1957-6.
^ Radoman P. (1971): Teorija organske evolucije. Zavod za udžbenike, Beograd.
^ Hadžiselimović R. : Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. Hadžiselimović, Rifat (1986). Bioantropologija - biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju. ISBN 978-9958-9344-2-1.
^ Bowler P. J. : Evolution: the history of an idea, University of California Press, Los Angeles. Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3rd izd.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.
^ Leroi, Armand Marie (2015). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. Bloomsbury. str. 91—92, 273, 288. ISBN 978-1-4088-3622-4.
^ Desmond 1989, str. 31–32, fn 18
^ Voltaire (1759). Candide. Cramer et al.
^ Sober 1993, chpt. 2
^ Darwin 1872, str. 397: "Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs"
^ Bowler, Peter J. (1989) [1983]. Evolution The History of an Idea (Revised izd.). University of California Press. str. 86. ISBN 978-0-520-06386-0.
^ See, for example, the discussion in Bowler 2003, str. 86–95 harvnb greška: više ciljeva (2×): CITEREFBowler2003 (help): "Whatever the true nature of Lamarck's theory, it was his mechanism of adaptation that caught the attention of later naturalists." (p. 90)
^ Provine 1986
^ Ford 1975
^ Orr, H. Allen (februar 2005). „The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history”. Nature Reviews Genetics. 6 (2): 119—127. PMID 15716908. S2CID 17772950. doi:10.1038/nrg1523. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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[1] Dobzhansky T. : Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, New York. Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-02837-0.

[2] Campbell N. A. : Biology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Comp., Inc., Menlo Parc (CA), USA. Campbell, Neil A. (1996). Biology. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8053-1957-6.

[3] Radoman P. (1971): Teorija organske evolucije. Zavod za udžbenike, Beograd.

[4] Hadžiselimović R. : Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. Hadžiselimović, Rifat (1986). Bioantropologija - biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju. ISBN 978-9958-9344-2-1.

[5] Bowler P. J. : Evolution: the history of an idea, University of California Press, Los Angeles. Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3rd izd.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.

[6] Leroi, Armand Marie (2015). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. Bloomsbury. str. 91—92, 273, 288. ISBN 978-1-4088-3622-4.

[7] Desmond 1989, str. 31–32, fn 18

[8] Voltaire (1759). Candide. Cramer et al.

[9] Sober 1993, chpt. 2

[10] Darwin 1872, str. 397: "Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs"

[11] Bowler, Peter J. (1989) [1983]. Evolution The History of an Idea (Revised izd.). University of California Press. str. 86. ISBN 978-0-520-06386-0.

[12] See, for example, the discussion in Bowler 2003, str. 86–95 harvnb greška: više ciljeva (2×): CITEREFBowler2003 (help): "Whatever the true nature of Lamarck's theory, it was his mechanism of adaptation that caught the attention of later naturalists." (p. 90)

[Provine_1986-13] Provine 1986

[14] Ford 1975

[Orr_2005-15] Orr, H. Allen (februar 2005). „The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history”. Nature Reviews Genetics. 6 (2): 119—127. PMID 15716908. S2CID 17772950. doi:10.1038/nrg1523. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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