towarzystwo

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Old Polish

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Etymology

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From towarzysz +‎ -stwo. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /tɔvar̝istfɔ/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /tɔvar̝istfɔ/

Noun

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towarzystwo n

  1. companionship (act of being together with someone)
    • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[1], page 617:
      Przyaczyelyv..., ktoremvm szye v tovarzyzstwo podal..., naczesz przyschedl?
      [Przyjacielu..., ktoremum sie w towarzystwo podał..., nacześ przyszedł?]
  2. (attested in Lesser Poland) participation in a military expedition
    • 1425, Rękopiśmienne luźne ekscerpty z ksiąg sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich, volume CXCV, Krakow, Biecz, and Czchów, pages 332, 12:
      Zawisus Niger... contumax in termino primo contra Czarnotham... pro thowarzisthwo valoris XXX-ta marcis
      Zawis[i]us Niger... contumax in termino primo contra Czarnotam... pro towarzystwo valoris XXX-ta marcis
  3. companionship (group of people in the same place)
    • 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], 14, 15:
      Rozdzely ge w towarzystwo (pro rozdzelyw towarzystwo, divisis sociis) y uderzy na nye w noczi, y sbyge ge
      [Rozdzieliw towarzystwo (divisis sociis) i uderzy na nie (sc. nieprzyjacioły) w nocy, i zbije je]
  4. (attested in Greater Poland) mistranslation of Latin legiō
    • 1977-1980 [c. 1470], urowska-Górowska Wanda, Kyas Vladimir, editors, Mamotrekty staropolskie[3], [4], [5], Lubin, page 182:
      Towarzystwo torques (in die illa auferet dominus ornamentum calceamentorum et lunulas, et torques, et monilia Is 3, 19)
      [Towarzystwo torques (in die illa auferet dominus ornamentum calceamentorum et lunulas, et torques, et monilia Is 3, 19)]
    • 1442, Wokabularz Raczyńskich, Biblioteki Raczyńskich w Poznaniu, sygn. 1360/I, page 133v:
      Legion est ornamentum pretoris quod racionale dicitur towarzystwo
      [Legion est ornamentum pretoris quod racionale dicitur towarzystwo]

Derived terms

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adverbs
verbs

Descendants

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  • Polish: towarzystwo
  • Silesian: tŏwarzistwo

References

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Polish

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Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Etymology

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Inherited from Old Polish towarzystwo. By surface analysis, towarzysz +‎ -stwo. Compare Kashubian towarzëstwò and Ukrainian товари́ство (tovarýstvo).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /tɔ.vaˈʐɘ.stfɔ/
  • (Middle Polish) IPA(key): (16th c.) /tɔ.vaˈr̝ɨ.stfɔ/, (17th–18th c.) /tɔ.vaˈʐɨ.stfɔ/
  • Audio 1:(file)
  • Audio 2:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɘstfɔ
  • Syllabification: to‧wa‧rzy‧stwo

Noun

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towarzystwo n

  1. (uncountable) companionship, company (someone's presence around someone else)
    Synonym: kompania
    Uważajcie, mamy towarzystwo!Look out everyone, we've got company!
  2. (uncountable) companionship, company (group of gathered people)
    Synonyms: banda, brać, bractwo, drużyna, ferajna, granda, kompania, paka, wiara
  3. (countable) society (group of persons who meet from time to time to engage in a common interest)
  4. (countable) society (group of elites)
    Synonym: elita
  5. (uncountable, obsolete, historical) comrades from hussar or armored banners
    1. (uncountable, obsolete, historical) position or rank of such a comrades
  6. (countable, obsolete) acting troupe
  7. (uncountable, obsolete) society; live in society
  8. (uncountable, obsolete) companionship (closeness or friendship)

Declension

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Derived terms

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nouns
proverbs
verbs

Trivia

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According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), towarzystwo is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 17 times in scientific texts, 30 times in news, 11 times in essays, 15 times in fiction, and 5 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 78 times, making it the 833rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

References

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  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “towarzystwo”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 606

Further reading

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