jhm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ihɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: ihem

Etymology 1

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to stall, to lag, to be held back or go slowly [Middle Kingdom literature]
2. (transitive) to hold back or restrain (someone) [Middle Kingdom literature]

Inflection

Conjugation of jhm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jhm, geminated stem: jhmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jhm	jhmw, jhm	jhmt	jhm	jhm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jhm	ḥr jhm	m jhm	r jhm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jhm.n	jhmw, jhm	consecutive	jhm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jhmt
perfective3	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jhm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jhm	jhmm	potentialis1	jhm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jhm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2	jhm	jhm, jhmw5, jhmy5
imperfective	jhm, jhmy, jhmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jhm, jhmj6, jhmy6	jhm, jhmw5
prospective	jhm, jhmtj7	—	jhmtj4, jhmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm	hjm
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]
	in sense ‘restrain’	in sense ‘restrain’

Etymology 2

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive, of the heart/mind) to mourn, to be sad, to suffer [Middle Kingdom]
2. (intransitive, Late Egyptian) to mourn or be sad in general (not only of the heart)

Inflection

Conjugation of jhm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jhm, geminated stem: jhmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jhm	jhmw, jhm	jhmt	jhm	jhm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jhm	ḥr jhm	m jhm	r jhm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jhm.n	jhmw, jhm	consecutive	jhm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jhmt
perfective3	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jhm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jhm	jhmm	potentialis1	jhm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jhm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jhm	active + .tj1, .tw2	jhm	jhm, jhmw5, jhmy5
imperfective	jhm, jhmy, jhmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jhm, jhmj6, jhmy6	jhm, jhmw5
prospective	jhm, jhmtj7	—	jhmtj4, jhmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

Derived terms

• ꜣhmt

 

Descendants

• Demotic: jhm, jḥm

Noun

 m

1. (chiefly in the plural) sorrow, suffering [Book of the Dead and 20th Dynasty]
2. shouting

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm	jhm	hꜣmw
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Book of the Dead]

Descendants

• Demotic: jhm, ꜣhm
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham), ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)
  • Old Coptic: ⲉϩⲟⲙ (ehom)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)

Noun

 m

1. (cry of) jubilation [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes

This word is probably to be identified with the preceding one, with a core meaning of ‘sigh, impassioned exclamation’, whether of joy or sorrow.

References

• “jhm (lemma ID 30270)”, “jhm (lemma ID 30280)”, “jhm (lemma ID 850149)”, and “jhm (lemma ID 30290)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 118.18–119.1
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[3], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 481.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 28
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 238, 456.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 123