suffer
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle English suffren, from Anglo-Norman suffrir, from Latin sufferre (“to offer, hold up, bear, suffer”), from sub- (“up, under”) + ferō (“I carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Displaced native Old English þrōwian.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (UK) enPR: sŭfʹər, IPA(key): /ˈsʌfə/
- (US) enPR: sŭfʹər, IPA(key): /ˈsʌfɚ/
Audio (US): (file) - Rhymes: -ʌfə(ɹ)
- Hyphenation: suf‧fer
Verb
[edit]suffer (third-person singular simple present suffers, present participle suffering, simple past and past participle suffered)
- (intransitive) To undergo hardship.
- Synonym: bear
- Many artists suffer before becoming famous.
- (intransitive) To feel pain.
- Synonyms: agonize, anguish, thole; see also Thesaurus:suffer
- At least he didn't suffer when he died in the car crash.
- (intransitive) To become worse.
- Synonyms: deteriorate, worsen; see also Thesaurus:worsen
- If you keep partying like this, your school-work will suffer.
- 1961 October, “Motive Power Miscellany: Scottish Region”, in Trains Illustrated, page 638:
- Our correspondent found that timekeeping had suffered following the substitution of Class 5 4-6-0s on these workings.
- (transitive) To endure, undergo.
- Synonyms: bear, dree, thole; see also Thesaurus:tolerate
- I've been suffering your insults for years.
- We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.
- c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:
- If you may pleaſe to thinke I loue the King, / And through him, what’s neereſt to him, which is / Your gracious ſelfe; embrace but my direction, / If your more ponderous and ſetled proiect may ſuffer alteration.
- 2013 July 6, “The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8843, page 68:
- Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.
- (transitive, archaic, law) To allow.
- Synonym: permit
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:
- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:
- But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.
- 1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:
- "Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.
- 1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:
- […] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]
Usage notes
[edit]Many people advise against using this word in the context of disabilities. Instead of saying that someone suffers from blindness or some other disability, it is better to use more neutral wording, such as saying that the person has the disability.[1][2][3]
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of suffer
| infinitive | (to) suffer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | past tense | ||
| 1st-person singular | suffer | suffered | |
| 2nd-person singular | suffer, sufferest† | suffered, sufferedst† | |
| 3rd-person singular | suffers, suffereth† | suffered | |
| plural | suffer | ||
| subjunctive | suffer | suffered | |
| imperative | suffer | — | |
| participles | suffering | suffered | |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- English Creole:
- Jamaican Creole: sofa
Translations
[edit]undergo hardship
|
feel pain
|
become worse
|
to endure, undergo — see also endure
|
(archaic in English) to allow — see also allow
|
References
[edit]- ^ Inclusive language: words to use and avoid when writing about disability
- ^ (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 2020 July 12 (last accessed), archived from the original on 28 June 2020
- ^ “Remploy: Disability etiquette”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[2], 2020 July 12 (last accessed), archived from the original on 25 June 2020
Anagrams
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Adjective
[edit]suffer
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]suffer m (plural suffers)
- Alternative form of sufferd
Latin
[edit]Verb
[edit]suffer
Categories:
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Anglo-Norman
- English terms derived from Latin
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ʌfə(ɹ)
- Rhymes:English/ʌfə(ɹ)/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English verbs
- English intransitive verbs
- English terms with usage examples
- English terms with quotations
- English transitive verbs
- English terms with archaic senses
- en:Law
- Dutch terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Dutch/ʏfər
- Rhymes:Dutch/ʏfər/2 syllables
- Dutch non-lemma forms
- Dutch adjective forms
- Dutch comparative adjectives
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -s
- Dutch masculine nouns
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin verb forms