川
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Translingual
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Han character
[edit]川 (Kangxi radical 47, 巛+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 中中中 (LLL), four-corner 22000, composition ⿲丿丨丨)
Derived characters
[edit]- 𠆯, 𠯀, 圳, 汌, 𦘶, 杊, 𤆑, 㸪, 玔, 甽, 𥃹, 𥐣, 紃(𬘓), 𧈶, 𡔠, 訓(训), 𮙰, 䡅, 𫶨, 𪩢, 釧(钏), 馴(驯), 𩵙, 𩾧, 𦤸, 順(顺), 𡵅, 𡿫, 𪯠, 𣅕, 氚, 𫇨, 𤽃, 𥫨, 𥄊, 𥬂, 𪡢, 𩭁, 𨤅
Descendants
[edit]- つ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ツ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 323, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8673
- Dae Jaweon: page 624, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 32, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5DDD
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
川 | |
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alternative forms | 巛 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 川 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – compare 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ).
Etymology
[edit]The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):
- Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes.
- Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
- Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/.
Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.
STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cuan1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чүан (čüan, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): con1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): cuan1
- Northern Min (KCR): chṳ́ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): chuŏng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1tshoe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qyenn1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chuan
- Wade–Giles: chʻuan1
- Yale: chwān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuan
- Palladius: чуань (čuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cuan1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cuan
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuan⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүан (čüan, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰyæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: cyun1
- Yale: chyūn
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn1
- Guangdong Romanization: qun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: cun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰun³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: con1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɵn⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhôn
- Hakka Romanization System: conˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: con1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰon²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: cuan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰuæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chṳ́ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chuŏng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- chhoan - literary;
- chhng/chhuiⁿ - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: cuang1 / cuêng1 / ceng1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuang / tshueng / tshṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuaŋ³³/, /t͡sʰueŋ³³/, /t͡sʰɯŋ³³/
- cuang1/cuêng1 - literary (cuêng1 - Chaozhou);
- ceng1 - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*t.l̥u[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰjon/
Definitions
[edit]川
- river; stream; brook
- 川流不息 ― chuānliúbùxī ― to flow continuously
- 子在川上,曰:「逝者如斯夫!不舍晝夜。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ zài chuān shàng, yuē: “Shì zhě rúsī fū! Bù shè zhòuyè.” [Pinyin]
- The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"
子在川上,曰:「逝者如斯夫!不舍昼夜。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Short for 四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”).
- 川菜 ― chuāncài ― Sichuan cuisine
- plain
- 平川 ― píngchuān ― plain
- road
- Synonym of 汆 (cuān, “to boil food for a short time in boiled water”)
- Alternative form of 穿 (chuān)
- (Internet slang) Short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”).
- a surname
See also
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 一川
- 一馬平川/一马平川 (yīmǎpíngchuān)
- 三川
- 中川 (Zhōngchuān)
- 九川
- 乾川/干川
- 二川
- 伊川 (Yīchuān)
- 伊川先生
- 伊川翁
- 信濃川/信浓川
- 傍矣川
- 兩川/两川
- 八川
- 八水三川
- 共川鼻飲/共川鼻饮
- 冰川 (bīngchuān)
- 冰川期 (bīngchuānqī)
- 利川 (Lìchuān)
- 利川小曲
- 南川 (Nánchuān)
- 口壅若川
- 口川
- 名山勝川/名山胜川
- 名山大川
- 名川
- 吳川/吴川 (Wúchuān)
- 吸川
- 四川 (Sìchuān)
- 四川盆地 (Sìchuān Péndì)
- 四川胡椒 (Sìchuān hújiāo)
- 回川
- 地平川
- 均川 (Jūnchuān)
- 大川 (dàchuān)
- 大金川
- 大陸冰川/大陆冰川
- 婺川
- 媚川都
- 寒川
- 小川 (Xiǎochuān)
- 山崩川竭
- 山川 (shānchuān)
- 山川米聚
- 山止川行
- 巖居川觀/岩居川观
- 川人
- 川光
- 川劇/川剧 (chuānjù)
- 川原
- 川口 (Chuānkǒu)
- 川吏
- 川后
- 川土
- 川地
- 川坻
- 川域
- 川堂
- 川塗/川涂 (chuāntú)
- 川塞
- 川境
- 川壑
- 川奠
- 川守
- 川室
- 川岑
- 川岡/川冈
- 川岫
- 川岳
- 川崎 (Chuānqí)
- 川崎症
- 川嶽/川岳
- 川巖/川岩
- 川川
- 川師/川师
- 川府
- 川店 (Chuāndiàn)
- 川底下 (Chuāndǐxià)
- 川柳
- 川梁
- 川椒
- 川歸/川归
- 川氣/川气
- 川水
- 川沚
- 川河
- 川流
- 川流不息 (chuānliúbùxī)
- 川涂 (chuāntú)
- 川渚
- 川湄
- 川游
- 川渟嶽峙/川渟岳峙
- 川澤/川泽 (chuānzé)
- 川澤納汙/川泽纳污
- 川瀆/川渎
- 川甽
- 川界
- 川砥
- 川祇
- 川禽
- 川程
- 川穀/川谷
- 川紅/川红
- 川色
- 川芎
- 川華/川华
- 川藪/川薮
- 川蜀
- 川衡
- 川谷
- 川貝/川贝
- 川貨/川货
- 川費/川费 (chuānfèi)
- 川資/川资 (chuānzī)
- 川路
- 川軍/川军
- 川途 (chuāntú)
- 川連/川连
- 川逝
- 川阜
- 川防
- 川陸/川陆
- 川靈/川灵
- 川館/川馆
- 川騖/川骛
- 川鱗/川鳞
- 川鹽/川盐
- 川墨
- 川黨/川党
- 巨川
- 巨川材
- 常川 (chángchuān)
- 平川 (píngchuān)
- 徂川
- 德川 (Déchuān)
- 德川幕府 (Déchuān Mùfǔ)
- 支川
- 斜川
- 星宿川
- 晴川
- 晴川閣/晴川阁
- 枝川
- 梅川 (Méichuān)
- 樊川
- 樊川翁
- 橫川/横川
- 武陵川
- 江川
- 汶川 (Wènchuān)
- 沈釀川
- 汶陽川/汶阳川
- 泗川
- 河川 (héchuān)
- 河川襲奪/河川袭夺
- 洛川 (Luòchuān)
- 流川
- 流血成川
- 涇川/泾川 (Jīngchuān)
- 海川螺
- 淅川 (Xīchuān)
- 渭川
- 湘川
- 渭川千畝/渭川千亩
- 潁川/颍川 (Yǐngchuān)
- 漢川/汉川 (Hànchuān)
- 潁川四長/颍川四长
- 潁川集/颍川集
- 濟川/济川
- 濬川
- 玄川
- 玉川
- 玉川奴
- 玉川子
- 玉雞川/玉鸡川
- 琴川
- 瑤川/瑶川
- 瘴川花
- 百二山川
- 百川 (bǎichuān)
- 百川學海/百川学海
- 百川朝海
- 百川歸海/百川归海 (bǎichuānguīhǎi)
- 盤川/盘川 (pánchuān)
- 眠川
- 眾川赴海/众川赴海
- 禊川
- 秦川
- 秦川女
- 稚川
- 穰川
- 簞醪投川/箪醪投川
- 米糧川/米粮川 (mǐliángchuān)
- 經川/经川
- 綠川/绿川
- 練川三老/练川三老
- 臨川/临川 (línchuān)
- 臨川四夢/临川四梦
- 臨川派/临川派
- 臨川羡魚/临川羡鱼
- 臨川羨魚/临川羡鱼
- 芥川賞/芥川赏
- 荊川集/荆川集
- 蛉川
- 蛟川
- 蜀川
- 行川
- 裸川
- 謝臨川/谢临川
- 跋履山川
- 跋山涉川
- 跋涉山川
- 輞川/辋川 (Wǎngchuān)
- 輞川圖/辋川图
- 迷川
- 迴川/回川
- 通川
- 逝川
- 遼川/辽川
- 邢川 (Xíngchuān)
- 金川 (Jīnchuān)
- 釣川/钓川
- 銀川/银川 (Yínchuān)
- 錦川/锦川
- 鎮川/镇川 (Zhènchuān)
- 鏡川/镜川
- 長川/长川 (chángchuān)
- 閩川/闽川
- 閱川/阅川
- 防川 (Fángchuān)
- 陸川/陆川 (Lùchuān)
- 隄川
- 雲川/云川 (yúnchuān)
- 雲貴川/云贵川 (Yúnguìchuān)
- 霅川
- 霞川
- 霸川
- 靈川/灵川 (Língchuān)
- 青川 (Qīngchuān)
- 驚川/惊川
- 魏國山川/魏国山川
- 麓川
- 麗川/丽川
References
[edit]- “川”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
- Kun: かわ (kawa, 川, Jōyō)←かは (kafa, 川, historical)
- Nanori: か (ka); こ (ko); さわ (sawa)
Compounds
[edit]- 川上 (kawakami, “upstream”)
- 川下 (kawashimo, “downstream”)
- 川岸 (kawagishi, “river bank”)
- 川口 (kawaguchi, “mouth of river”)
- 川崎 (Kawasaki, “Kawasaki”)
- 川瀬 (kawase, “rapids”)
- 川蝉 (kawasemi, “kingfisher”)
- 川端 (kawabata, “riverbank”)
- 川縁 (kawabuchi), 川縁 (kawaberi, “riverside”)
- 川獺 (kawauso, “otter”)
- 川嫁 (kawayome, “river nymph”)
- 川原 (kawara, “riparian plain, flats alongside a river”)
- 川柳 (senryū, “comic haiku”)
- 小川 (ogawa, “brook”)
- 河川 (kasen, “rivers”)
- 山川 (sansen, “mountains and rivers”)
- 滝川 (takigawa, “rapids”)
- 谷川 (tanigawa, “mountain stream”)
- 堀川 (horikawa, “canal”)
- 淀川 (Yodogawa, “Yodogawa River”)
- 川下り (kawakudari, “going downstream”)
- 川沿い (kawazoi, “along the river”)
- ドン川 (Don-gawa, “Don River”)
- 天の川 (Ama no gawa, “Milky Way”)
- 江戸川 (Edogawa, “Edo River”)
- 角川 (Kadokawa, “surname”)
- 河川敷 (kasenshiki, “riverbed”)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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川 |
かわ Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
河 |
From Old Japanese 川 (kapa),[1] from Proto-Japonic *kapa.[2]
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[3]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]- 河川 (kasen)
References
[edit]- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese kapa”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
- ^ Stewart A. Curry. (2004) Small linguistics: phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11526
- ^ “川・河”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 川 (MC tsyhwen).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄎᆑᆫ (Yale: chywèn) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] | 내〯 (Yale: nǎy) | 쳔 (Yale: chyèn) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰʌ̹n]
- Phonetic hangul: [천]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [5]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- CJKV radicals