外人

Chinese

		outside; in addition; foreign outside; in addition; foreign; external	man; person; people
trad. (外人)		外	人
simp. #(外人)		外	人

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wàirén

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄖㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi⁶ jan⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngoi-ngìn

  (Hailu, HRS): ngoi^˖ ngin

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-lâng / gōa-lîn / gōa-jîn

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wàirén
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄖㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wàirén
    • Wade–Giles: wai⁴-jên²
    • Yale: wài-rén
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wayren
    • Palladius: вайжэнь (vajžɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waɪ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngoi⁶ jan⁴
    • Yale: ngoih yàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi⁶ jan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngoi⁶ yen⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːi̯²² jɐn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi-ngìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngoi ngin^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi⁴ ngin²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngoi^˖ ngin
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋoi³³ ŋin⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-lâng
    • Tâi-lô: guā-lâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: goaxlaang
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-lîn
    • Tâi-lô: guā-lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: goaxliin
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-jîn
    • Tâi-lô: guā-jîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: goaxjiin
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngwajH nyin

Rime
Character	外	人
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	泰 (26)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	五會切	如鄰切
Baxter	ngwajH	nyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑiH/	/ȵiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷɑiH/	/ȵin/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑiH/	/ȵʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwajH/	/ȵin/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑiH/	/ȵiĕn/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑiH/	/ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋuɑiH/	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi	rén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi6	jan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s  ni[ŋ]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds  njin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	外	人
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wài	rén
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwajH ›	‹ nyin ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/	/*ni[ŋ]/
English	outside	(other) person
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	外	人
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12606	10800
Phonetic component	外	人
Rime group	祭	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	外	仁
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːds/	/*njin/

Noun

外人

1. non-family member
2. outsider; stranger
3. foreigner

Synonyms

• (stranger):

edit

• 生人 (shēngrén)
• 生份人 (Hakka, Hokkien)
• 生保人 (Cantonese)
• 生頭人 / 生头人 (Ningbonese)
• 過路人 / 过路人 (guòlùrén) (figurative)
• 陌生人 (mòshēngrén)
• 陌路 (mòlù) (literary)

 

• (foreigner):

Dialectal synonyms of 外國人 (“foreigner”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		夷, 夷人, 外夷, 四夷, 胡人
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		外國人, 外賓, 外人, 洋人
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	老外, 色糖
	Taiwan	外國人, 老外
	Harbin	外國人, 老外
	Singapore	外國人
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	老外
	Jinan	外國人, 老外, 洋人
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	外國人
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
	Wanrong	洋人
	Xi'an	老外, 洋人
	Yanqi	外國人
	Xuzhou	老外
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	外國人, 夷人
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	洋人, 老外, 洋鬼子
	Lanzhou	外國人
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	老外, 外國人, 洋人
	Wuhan	外國人, 洋人
	Guiyang	外國人, 洋人
	Kunming	老外, 洋老咪
	Guilin	外國人
	Liuzhou	老外
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	外國人, 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
	Yangzhou	外國人, 老外
Cantonese	Guangzhou	外國人, 老番
	Hong Kong	外國人
	Taishan	老外
	Dongguan	番鬼佬, 鬼佬
	Qinzhou	鬼佬, 外國佬, 番鬼佬
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	老番鬼
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	鬼佬
	Singapore (Guangfu)	外國人
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	鬼佬
	Móng Cái	外國人, 鬼佬
	Yangon (Taishan)	紅毛鬼, 外國人
	Mandalay (Taishan)	外國人
Gan	Nanchang	外國人, 洋人
	Pengze	外國佬
	Lichuan	外國人, 洋人
	Pingxiang	洋人
Hakka	Meixian	外國人, 番人, 番仔, 番鬼
	Yudu	外國人, 外國佬, 洋人
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	外國人
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	外國人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	外國人
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	外國人
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	外國人
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	外國人
Huizhou	Jixi	外國佬
Jin	Taiyuan	外國人, 洋人, 洋鬼子
	Xinzhou	外國人
Northern Min	Jian'ou	外國人, 番仔
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	番儂, 番囝, 番囝哥, 鬼佬
Southern Min	Xiamen	外國儂, 番仔
	Quanzhou	番仔
	Hui'an	外國仔
	Zhangzhou	番仔
	Singapore (Hokkien)	外國儂
	Manila (Hokkien)	外國儂
	Shantou	外國儂, 番鬼, 番囝
	Jieyang	番囝, 番儂, 番囝鬼
	Singapore (Teochew)	外地儂, 外國儂
	Leizhou	番邦儂
Puxian Min	Putian	番囝
	Xianyou	番囝
Central Min	Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping)	外國人
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	番鬼佬
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	外國人
Wu	Shanghai	老外, 外國人, 外頭人, 洋人
	Shanghai (Chongming)	外國人
	Suzhou	外國人
	Danyang	老外, 洋人
	Hangzhou	外國佬兒
	Wenzhou	番人
	Jinhua	外國人, 外國佬, 洋鬼子兒
Xiang	Changsha	外國人, 外國佬, 洋人子, 洋人
	Loudi	洋人, 外國佬
Note	Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory.

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “non-family member”): 自己人 (zìjǐrén)

See also

• 內人／内人 (nèirén)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
外	人
がい Grade: 2	じん Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology 1

/gwaizin/ > /gaizin/ [gaidʑin]. Literally outside person. From the late 19th on also used for foreigners.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) がいじん [gàíjíń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠iʑĩɴ]

Noun

外(がい)人(じん) • (gaijin) ^{←ぐゎいじん (gwaizin)?}

1. (obsolete) outsider; an estranged, unfamiliar person
   • 995-999: Fusōshū (volume 9; Gunsho Ruijū volume 8, page 578)

     口畔懸河渉漢深。春杉拭盞就花陰。外人傾耳猶添愛、況是堂中父母心。

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 13th century: Heike Monogatari (volume 1, page 123)

     しかるに其恩をわすれて、外人もなき所に兵具をとゝのへ、軍兵をかたらひをき、其營みの他は他事なし。

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 1349: Renri Hishō (page 38)

     但、外人など上手おほからむ座にては、聊か斟酌すべし

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1597: Ekirin Setsuyōshū (page 133)

     外人 (グワイジン)

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 314:

     Guaijin, グヮイジン(外人) Focano fito. (他の人) 他国の人、すなわち、土着の人ではない者.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1617: Gennabon Kagakushū (page 73)

     外人 (グワイジン) 他人也

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (sometimes derogatory) alien, foreigner; especially foreigner in Japan
   • 1875: 文明論之概略 (page 18)

     譬えば頑固なる士民は外国人を悪むを以て常とせり。又学者流の人にても少しく見識ある者は外人の挙動を見て決して心酔するに非ず，之を悦ばざるの心は彼の頑民に異なることなしと云うも可なり。

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (Hawaii) A white person

Usage notes

Today 外人 often has a stereotyped connotation, and 外国人 is used as a neutral term.

Synonyms

• 異(い)人(じん) (ijin)
• 外(がい)国(こく)人(じん) (gaikokujin)
• 異(い)国(こく)人(じん) (ikokujin)
• 異(い)邦(ほう)人(じん) (ihōjin)

Derived terms

• 内(ない)外(がい)人(じん) (naigaijin)
• 外(がい)人(じん)さん (gaijin-san)
• 外(がい)人(じん)ハンター (gaijin hantā)
• 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)き (gaijin muki)
• 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)け (gaijin muke)
• 外(がい)人(じん)売(う)り (gaijin uri)
• 外(がい)人(じん)投(とう)資(し)家(か) (gaijin tōshika)
• 外(がい)人(じん)記(き)者(しゃ) (gaijin kisha)
• 外(がい)人(じん)買(が)い (gaijin gai)
• 外(がい)人(じん)選(せん)手(しゅ) (gaijin senshu)
• 外(がい)人(じん)部(ぶ)隊(たい) (gaijin butai)

 

Etymology 2

Adjective 疎い (utoi, “unacquainted”) in attributive form and 人 (hito, “person”).

Noun

外人(うときひと) • (utoki hito) 

1. an estranged, unfamiliar person
   • c. 11th century: Ruiju Myōgishō

     外人ウトキ人

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

• Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
• Fukuzawa, Yukichi (1995) [1875] Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
• Hanawa, Hokiichi (1960) Gunsho Ruijū, volume 8, Tōkyō: Zoku Gunsho Ruijū Kanseikai
• Kamei, Takashi (1944) [1617] Kagakushū: Gennabon, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten
• Kidō, Saizō with Imoto Nōichi (1961) Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Renga Ronshū, Haironshū (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
• Takagi, Ichinosuke with Masao Ozawa, Kaoru Atsumi, Haruhiko Kindaichi (1959) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 32: Heike Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
• Tasaka, Junko (1985) [995-999] Fusōshū: Kōhon to Sakuin, Fukuoka: Tōka Shobō
• Fukkoku Nihon Koten Zenshū: Setsuyōshū, Tōkyō: Gendai Shichō Shinsha, 2006 [1597], →ISBN

Anagrams

• 人(じん)外(がい) (jingai)

Korean

Hanja in this term
外	人

Noun

外人 • (oein) (hangeul 외인)

1. hanja form^? of 외인 (“foreigner, alien”)