京
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
- Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
- Unihan data for U+4EAC
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
京 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 亰 𡬱 𢂋 𦣿 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 京 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Pictogram (象形) – a tall building. Compare 高.
Etymology 1
[edit]Either from:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT), cognate with 岡 (OC *klaːŋ, “hill, crest”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”), Tibetan སྒང་ (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Sulung gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"); or
- of Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *graŋ (“hill, peak”) (Schuessler, 2007), whence Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “peak”) and Old Khmer grāṅ (“hill on flat land”).
Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җин (žin, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): jin1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jing1
- Northern Min (KCR): géng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1cin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jing
- Wade–Giles: ching1
- Yale: jīng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
- Palladius: цзин (czin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jin1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җин (žin, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ging1
- Yale: gīng
- Cantonese Pinyin: ging1
- Guangdong Romanization: ging1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gen1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ken³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: jin1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn
- Hakka Romanization System: ginˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gin1
- Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jing1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: géng
- Sinological IPA (key): /keiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- kiaⁿ - vernacular;
- keng - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 京 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕĩn³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕin³¹/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕin²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕi¹³/ ~陵城 | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡ɕin³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕaŋ³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕin³³/ |
Xiangtan | /t͡ɕin³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕin⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kin⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /kin²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /keŋ⁵³/ |
Nanning | /keŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kiã⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /keiŋ⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kiã³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kjaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]raŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraŋ/
Definitions
[edit]京
- ⁜ capital (city)
- 京城 ― jīngchéng ― capital city
- 京畿 ― jīngjī ― capital city and its surrounding area
- 泰京 ― Tàijīng ― (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
- 墨京 ― Mòjīng ― (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
- 三后在天,王配于京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sān hòu zài tiān, wáng pèi yú jīng. [Pinyin]
- The three sovereigns were in heaven; and king [Wu] was their worthy successor in his capital.
- Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
- Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). between 1927–1948
- Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
- ten quadrillion, 1016
- † tall mound
- 曾孫之庾,如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Céngsūn zhī yǔ, rú dǐ rú jīng. [Pinyin]
- The stacks of the distant descendant, will stand like islands and mounds.
曾孙之庾,如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † large barn
- † large; great
- 有媯之後,將育于姜,五世其昌,並于正卿,八世之後,莫之與京。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Yǒuguī zhīhòu, jiāng yù yú Jiāng, wǔshìqíchāng, bìng yú zhèngqīng, bā shì zhīhòu, mò zhī yǔ jīng. [Pinyin]
- The posterity of this scion of the Gui [surname of the House of Chen] will be nourished among the Jiang [surname of the House of Qi]. In five generations they will be prosperous, and the highest ministers in Qi; in eight, there will be none to compare with them for greatness.
有妫之后,将育于姜,五世其昌,并于正卿,八世之后,莫之与京。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † ten million, 107
- † septillion, 1024
- † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also
[edit]Chinese numerals | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
104 | 108 | 1012 | 1016 | 1020 | 1024 | 1028 | 1032 | 1036 | 1040 | 1044 | 1048 | |
萬/万 (wàn) | 億/亿 (yì) | 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) | 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝/沟 (gōu) | 澗/涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載/载 (zài) | 極/极 (jí) | |
萬億/万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China) |
億億/亿亿 (Mainland China) |
Compounds
[edit]- 上京 (shàngjīng)
- 中京 (Zhōngjīng)
- 二京
- 五日京兆 (wǔrìjīngzhào)
- 京尹
- 京二胡 (jīng'èrhú)
- 京京 (jīngjīng)
- 京倉/京仓
- 京債/京债
- 京兆 (Jīngzhào)
- 京兆尹 (Jīngzhào Yǐn)
- 京八寸
- 京劇/京剧 (jīngjù)
- 京口
- 京味 (jīngwèi)
- 京味兒/京味儿
- 京城 (jīngchéng)
- 京堂
- 京報/京报
- 京字頭/京字头 (jīngzìtóu)
- 京官
- 京室
- 京察
- 京山 (Jīngshān)
- 京師/京师 (jīngshī)
- 京府
- 京戲/京戏 (jīngxì)
- 京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
- 京族 (Jīngzú)
- 京東大鼓/京东大鼓
- 京江
- 京油子
- 京洛
- 京派 (jīngpài)
- 京津大鼓
- 京滬鐵路/京沪铁路
- 京片子 (jīngpiànzi)
- 京畿 (jīngjī)
- 京畿令
- 京白 (jīngbái)
- 京白梨
- 京縣/京县
- 京繡/京绣
- 京胡 (jīnghú)
- 京腔 (jīngqiāng)
- 京花子
- 京菜 (jīngcài)
- 京華/京华 (jīnghuá)
- 京觀/京观 (jīngguàn)
- 京話/京话
- 京語/京语 (jīngyǔ)
- 京調/京调 (jīngdiào)
- 京邑 (jīngyì)
- 京都 (jīngdū)
- 京闕/京阙 (jīngquè)
- 京韻大鼓/京韵大鼓
- 光復舊京/光复旧京
- 兩京/两京 (liǎngjīng)
- 北京 (Běijīng)
- 北京之春
- 北京人 (Běijīngrén)
- 北京大學/北京大学
- 北京時間/北京时间 (Běijīng Shíjiān)
- 北京條約/北京条约
- 北京狗 (běijīnggǒu)
- 北京鴨/北京鸭 (běijīngyā)
- 南京 (Nánjīng)
- 南京條約/南京条约
- 四京
- 帝京
- 放京債/放京债
- 東京/东京 (Dōngjīng)
- 東京影展/东京影展
- 東京灣/东京湾 (Dōngjīngwān)
- 東京股市/东京股市
- 汴京 (Biànjīng)
- 洛京
- 海京
- 灤京/滦京
- 燕京 (Yānjīng)
- 玉京
- 盛京 (Shèngjīng)
- 研京練都/研京练都
- 神京 (shénjīng)
- 維京人/维京人 (wéijīngrén)
- 莫之與京/莫之与京 (mòzhīyǔjīng)
- 西京 (Xījīng)
- 西京賦/西京赋
- 西京雜記/西京杂记
- 進京/进京 (jìnjīng)
- 鎬京/镐京 (hàojīng)
- 陪京
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “京”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00065
Etymology 2
[edit]From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese.
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jing
- Wade–Giles: ching1
- Yale: jīng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
- Palladius: цзин (czin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ging1
- Yale: gīng
- Cantonese Pinyin: ging1
- Guangdong Romanization: ging1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 京 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕĩn³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕin³¹/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕin²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕi¹³/ ~陵城 | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡ɕin³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕaŋ³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕin³³/ |
Xiangtan | /t͡ɕin³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕin⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kin⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /kin²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /keŋ⁵³/ |
Nanning | /keŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kiã⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /keiŋ⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kiã³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ²³/ |
Adjective
[edit]京
- ethnic Vietnamese from China
Compounds
[edit]- 京族 (Jīngzú)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- capital city
- ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
- Tokyo
- Kyoto
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)←きやう (kyau, historical)
- Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: きん (kin)
- Kun: みやこ (miyako, 京)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu); たか (taka)
Compounds
[edit]- 京表 (kyōomote)
- 京女 (kyōonna)
- 京方 (kyōgata)
- 京形 (kyōgata)
- 京響 (kyōkyō)
- 京劇 (kyōgeki)
- 京大 (Kyōdai)
- 京地 (kyōchi)
- 京都 (Kyōto)
- 京菜 (kyōna)
- 京人形 (kyōningyō)
- 京風 (kyōfū)
- 京物 (kyōmono)
- 京華 (keika)
- 京師 (keishi)
- 京滋 (Keiji)
- 京人 (keijin)
- 京成 (keisei)
- 京阪 (Keihan)
- 京浜 (Keihin)
- 京葉 (Keiyō)
- 京洛 (kyōraku)
- 英京 (eikyō)
- 帰京 (kikyō)
- 在京 (zaikyō)
- 出京 (shukkyō)
- 退京 (taikyō)
- 滞京 (taikyō)
- 中京 (Chūkyō)
- 帝京 (teikyō)
- 東京 (Tōkyō)
- 南京 (Nankyō)
- 入京 (nyūkyō)
- 北京 (Hokkyō)
- 平安京 (Heian-kyō)
- 平城京 (Heijō-kyō)
- 離京 (rikkyō)
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
京 |
きょう Grade: 2 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).
Noun
[edit]- capital city
- Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
- 京言葉 (kyōkotoba)
- 京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ
- Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
- Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka
Affix
[edit]- capital city
- Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
- (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
- Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
- (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
- 上京 (jōkyō)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
京 |
みやこ Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処 (ko, “place”).
Noun
[edit]- the place where the emperor resides
- a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
- metropolis
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
京 |
けい Grade: 2 |
on'yomi |
Number
[edit]- 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion
See also
[edit]Japanese numerical compounds with 京 (kei) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1016 | 2 × 1016 | 3 × 1016 | 4 × 1016 | 5 × 1016 | 6 × 1016 | 7 × 1016 | 8 × 1016 | 9 × 1016 | 1017 | 1018 |
一京 (ikkei) | 二京 (nikei) | 三京 (sankei) | 四京 (yonkei) | 五京 (gokei) | 六京 (rokkei) | 七京 (nanakei) | 八京 (hakkei) | 九京 (kyūkei) | 十京 (jukkei) | 百京 (hyakkei) |
Korean
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)
Hanja
[edit]京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))
- hanja form? of 경 (“capital”)
- hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”)
Compounds
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
- Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]
Noun
[edit]Adjective
[edit]Verb
[edit]References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
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- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
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- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
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- Middle Chinese lemmas
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