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U+9999, 香
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9999

[U+9998]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+999A]
U+2FB9, ⾹
KANGXI RADICAL FRAGRANT

[U+2FB8]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FBA]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 186, +0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木日 (HDA), four-corner 20609, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #186, .

Derived characters

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Descendants

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  • Japanese: 𛀠 (hentaigana)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1428, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44518
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1955, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4423, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9999

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (glutinous millet) + (mouth).

In the seal script, the was replaced with the related (“sweet”).

Currently, the has simplified into , and the form of the bottom component has become akin to the unrelated or .

Etymology 1

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
𪏰

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hiuⁿ/hioⁿ - vernacular;
  • hiong/hiang - literary (hiang - limited in General Taiwanese, e.g. 香油, 五香).
Note:
  • hiên1/hion1 - vernacular (hiên1 - Chaozhou);
  • hiang1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiɑŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ɕiaŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕiaŋ²¹/
Xining /ɕiɔ̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕiã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ɕiaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ɕiɑ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕiã⁵³/
Suzhou /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕiɑŋ³³/
Wenzhou /ɕi³³/
Hui Shexian /ɕia³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiau¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕian³³/
Xiangtan /sian³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /hioŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hioŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hœŋ⁵³/
Nanning /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/hiũ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hyoŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hiaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiaŋ²³/
/hio²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/hiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/xiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/xiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/xĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoeng1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiāng
Middle
Chinese
‹ xjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/
English fragrance

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 13591
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/

Definitions

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  1. fragrant; fragrance
    Antonym:
  2. (of food) aromatic; delicious-smelling
  3. (of eating) having the appearance that one really enjoys the food; (of sleep) sound
  4. (Internet slang) wonderful; enjoyable (in general)
  5. popular
  6. perfume
  7. (religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: m; )
  8. (figurative) woman
  9. (chiefly Wu) to kiss
  10. (Cantonese, euphemistic) to die
  11. (historical) shorthand for Hong Kong during Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945
    • [Cantonese]  ―  hoeng1 duk1 [Jyutping]  ―  Governor of Hong Kong
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():

Others:

  • Indonesian: hio (joss stick, incense)

Etymology 2

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trad.
simp. #

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of (fragrant)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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() (ka

  1. a pleasant smell; a scent, a fragrance, an aroma
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese (MC xjang).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(きょう) (kyōきやう (kyau)?

  1. Clipping of 香車 (kyōsha, incense chariot).

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC xjang). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing. Compare Vietnamese hương (fragrance; incense).

  on Japanese Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(こう) (かう (kau)?

  1. incense
    Synonym: 御香 (okō)

References

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  1. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eum (hyang))

  1. hanja form? of (fragrance; perfume; incense)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: hương (()(lương)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: nhang[2][3][6][4][5][7], hương[1][2][4][7], hang[1], nhàng[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hương (fragrance; incense).
  2. Nôm form of nhang (incense).
  3. chữ Hán form of Hương (a female given name).
    胡春香Hồ Xuân Hương

Compounds

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References

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