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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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Revision as of 04:45, 5 April 2023
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Translingual
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Han character
何 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人一弓口 (OMNR), four-corner 21220, composition ⿰亻可)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 98, character 15
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 511
- Dae Jaweon: page 208, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 130, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4F55
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
何 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ⿰彳可 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 何 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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 j18879  j18880  j18881  j18882  j18883  j18884  j18885  j18886  j18887  j18888  j18889  j18890  j18891  j18892  j18893  j18894  j18895  j18896  j18897  j18898  j18899  j18901  j18902  j18903  j18904  j18905  j18906  j18907  j18908  j18909  j18910  j18911  j18913  j18914  j18915  j18916  j18917  j18918  j18919  j18920  j18921  j18922  j18923  j18924  j18925  j18926  j18927  j18928  j18929  j18930  j18931  s05736 Transcribed ancient scripts  L32362  L08383  L08384  L08385  L08386  L08387  L08377  L08378  L08379  L08380  L08381  L08382 | ||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) : a man carrying something on their shoulder – the original form of 荷 (OC *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”).
The object being carried may have been 戈, in which case the character is also an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl, “dagger-axe”).
In the bronze inscriptions, some forms of the character were phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), from which the modern form derives.
Etymology
Cognate with the following interrogative pronouns:
- 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “what; why”)
- 奚 (OC *ɡeː, “what; why; where”)
- 曷 (OC *ɡaːd, “why”)
- 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “why not”): from the fusion of 何不 (OC *ɡaːl pɯ, “why not”)
In Sino-Tibetan, cognate with Tibetan ག་ན (ga na, “where; how”), Tibetan ག་རུ (ga ru, “to where”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT, on the other hand, compares 何 (OC *ɡaːlʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; diectic; interrogative”), to which 幾 (OC *kɯlʔ, “how many”) and 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “how”) are also compared.
Pronunciation 1
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Definitions
- (literary, interrogative pronoun asking for the specification of an identity, quantity, quality, etc. of something) what; which
- (literary) where; what place
- (literary, interrogative pronoun asking for reason, manner, etc. of an action) why; how
- (literary) (forming emphatic sentences) so; such; what; how
- a surname
- 何應欽／何应钦 ― Hé Yìngqīn ― He Yingqin (Kuomintang general)
Quotations
- See Citations:何
Synonyms
Compounds
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Descendants
- → Tagalog: Ho (via Hokkien)
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hè
- Wade–Giles: ho4
- Yale: hè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
- Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ho6
- Yale: hoh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ho6
- Guangdong Romanization: ho6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔː²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: haX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːlʔ/
Definitions
- † Original form of 荷 (“to carry”).
Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜ
- Tongyong Pinyin: he
- Wade–Giles: ho1
- Yale: hē
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: he
- Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ho1
- Yale: hō
- Cantonese Pinyin: ho1
- Guangdong Romanization: ho1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
- † Original form of 呵 (“to scold; to criticise; to denounce”).
References
- “何”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00111
- “Entry #2874”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
Japanese
Kanji
何
Readings
- Go-on: が (ga)←が (ga, historical)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←か (ka, historical)
- Kun: なに (nani, 何, Jōyō)←なに (nani, 何, historical)、なん (nan, 何, Jōyō †)←なん (nan, 何, historical)、いず (izu, 何)←いづ (idu, 何, historical)、いずれ (izure, 何れ)←いづれ (idure, 何れ, historical)、いずく (izuku, 何く)←いづく (iduku, 何く, historical)
- Nanori: あが (aga)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 何 |
| なに Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *n-anu-.
Pronunciation
Compounds
- 如何 (dō), 如何 (ikan), 如何 (ikaga)
- 奈何 (ikan)
- 幾何 (kika), 幾何 (ikubaku)
- 誰何 (suika)
- 何人 (nannin), 何人 (nanbito)
- 何程 (nanihodo)
- 何箇 (nanko)
- 何回 (nankai)
- 何故 (naze), 何故 (naniyue)
- 何処 (doko), 何処 (izuko)
- 何奴 (doitsu), 何奴 (naniyatsu)
- 何物 (nanimono)
- 何分 (nanibun)
- 何遍 (nanben)
- 何某 (nanibō)
- 何様 (nanisama)
Interjection
- What?, Huh?
Pronoun
何 • (nani) (alternative reading hiragana なん, rōmaji nan)
- what
- 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 92:
- 汝何所爲 奈尓世牟止曽
- that thing (used in place of words you can't remember at the moment.)
Usage notes
- 何 is usually read as なに, but before だ, で, の, it is read as なん. When followed by で, both readings are possible, albeit with different meanings.
Derived terms
Derived terms from interjection なに/なん
- 何か (nanika)
- 何かしら (nanikashira)
- 何が何でも (naniganandemo)
- 何気ない (nanigenai)
- 何気に (nanigeni)
- 何事 (nanigoto)
- 何卒 (nanitozo)
- 何様 (nanisama)
- 何しろ (nanishiro)
- 何人 (nanijin)
- 何々 (naninani)
- 何一つ (nanihitotsu)
- 何も (nanimo)
- 何もかも (nanimokamo)
- 何者 (nanimono)
- 何せ (nanse)
- 何だか (nandaka)
- 何たる (nantaru)
- 何で (nande)
- 何でも (nandemo)
- 何でもかんでも (nandemokandemo)
- 何とか (nantoka)
- 何とかかんとか (nantokakantoka)
- 何とかして (nantokashite)
- 何なり (nannari)
- 何人 (nanpito)
- 何等 (nanra)
- 何らか (nanraka)(deprecated template usage)
Related terms
- 何れ (dore) which one?
- 何の (dono) (of) what?
- 何処 (doko) where?
- 何方 (dochira) which way?
- 如何 (dō) in what manner?
Descendants
See also
Japanese demonstratives
| ko- “this” (close to speaker) |
so- “that” (close to listener) |
a- “that over there” (far from both) |
do- “which” (indeterminate, question) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
| これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — | |
| Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
| これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — | |
| Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
| こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) | |
| Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
| こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) | |
| Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
| こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) | |
| Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
| Human | こいつ (koitsu)† | そいつ (soitsu)† | あいつ (aitsu)† | どいつ (doitsu)† |
| Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
| Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
| これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) | |
| これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) | |
| * irregular ** regular (long vowel) † potentially rude or derogatory | ||||
| a-/wa- “I, we” (first person) |
na-/-ma- “you, ye, thou” (second person) |
k- “this” (close to speaker) |
s- “that” (close to listener) |
a-/ka- “that over there” (far from both) |
i-/ta-/nani- “who, what, where, how, when” (interrogative) |
ono- “oneself” (reflexive) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | あ (a) あれ (are) わ (wa) われ (ware) まろ (maro) |
な (na) なれ (nare) なんぢ (nanji) まし (mashi) いまし (imashi) みまし (mimashi) きみ (kimi) |
こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
た (ta) たれ (tare) なにがし (nanigashi) |
おの (ono) おのれ (onore) |
| Thing | こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
いづれ (izure) なに (nani) |
|||
| Location | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あしこ (ashiko) かしこ (kashiko) |
いづく (izuku) いづこ (izuko) いどこ (idoko) どこ (doko) |
|||
| Direction | こち (kochi) こなた (konata) |
そち (sochi) そなた (sonata) |
あち (achi) あなた (anata) かなた (kanata) |
いづち (izuchi) いづら (izura) いづかた (izukata) |
|||
| Manner | か (ka) かく (kaku) かくて (kakute) かう (kō) |
さ (sa) さて (sate) しか (shika) |
いか (ika) | ||||
| Time | いつ (itsu) |
Prefix
Derived terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- Unknown (794) Yoshinori Kobayashi, editor, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (Kojisho Ongi Shūsei) (in Japanese), volume 1, Kyūko Shoin, published 1978, →ISBN.
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 何 (MC ha).
Hanja
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Kunigami
Kanji
何
Readings
Pronunciation
Pronoun
Miyako
Kanji
何
Readings
Pronunciation
Pronoun
Okinawan
Kanji
何
Readings
Pronunciation
Pronoun
Vietnamese
Han character
何: Hán Nôm readings: hà, gã, há
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References
Yaeyama
Kanji
何
Readings
Pronunciation
Pronoun
Yonaguni
Kanji
何
Readings
Pronunciation
Pronoun
Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han pictograms
- Han ideogrammic compounds
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- Japanese kanji with goon reading が
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading が
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading か
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading か
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なに
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading なに
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なん
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading なん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading いず
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading いづ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading いず・れ
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading いづ・れ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading いず・く
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading いづ・く
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あが
- Japanese terms spelled with 何 read as なに
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
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- Miyako pronouns
- Okinawan kanji
- Okinawan second grade kanji
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