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'''Spooky toxin''' (SsTx) is a small peptide that acts as a neurotoxin. It is found in the [[venom]] of Chinese red-headed centipedes, also known as golden head centipedes, (''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans''). It is originally comprised of 76 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 6017.5 Daltons, but loses 23 residues and becomes 53 residues long. As of today, SsTx is unique to ''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans''. |
'''Spooky toxin''' (SsTx) is a small peptide that acts as a neurotoxin. It is found in the [[venom]] of Chinese red-headed centipedes, also known as golden head centipedes, (''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans''). It is originally comprised of 76 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 6017.5 Daltons, but loses 23 residues and becomes 53 residues long. As of today, SsTx is unique to ''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans''. |
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Through [[KCNQ]] channel blocking (preventing potassium from flowing into and out of cells) SsTx disrupts cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems; where snake venoms typically only affect circulatory or nervous systems, and venom from spiders, scorpions, and snails typically only target nervous systems. This allows for golden headed centipedes to target larger prey up to 15 times their size.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo L, Li B, Wang S, Wu F, Wang X, Liang P, Ombati R, Chen J, Lu X, Cui J, Lu Q, Zhang L, Zhou M, Tian C, Yang S, Lai R | display-authors = 6 | title = Centipedes subdue giant prey by blocking KCNQ channels | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | date = |
Through [[KCNQ]] channel blocking (preventing potassium from flowing into and out of cells) SsTx disrupts cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems; where snake venoms typically only affect circulatory or nervous systems, and venom from spiders, scorpions, and snails typically only target nervous systems. This allows for golden headed centipedes to target larger prey up to 15 times their size.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo L, Li B, Wang S, Wu F, Wang X, Liang P, Ombati R, Chen J, Lu X, Cui J, Lu Q, Zhang L, Zhou M, Tian C, Yang S, Lai R | display-authors = 6 | title = Centipedes subdue giant prey by blocking KCNQ channels | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 115 | issue = 7 | pages = 1646–1651 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29358396 | pmc = 5816164 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1714760115 }}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
==Applications== |
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The venom of the ''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans'' is already being widely used in medicine in Asian countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pemberton |first1=Robert W. |title=Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=June 1999 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=207-216}}</ref> Of these medicinal uses are antimicrobial, antibacterial, and even anticancer.<ref>{{cite journal | |
The venom of the ''Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans'' is already being widely used in medicine in Asian countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pemberton |first1=Robert W. |title=Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=June 1999 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=207-216}}</ref> Of these medicinal uses are antimicrobial, antibacterial, and even anticancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoo WG, Lee JH, Shin Y, Shim JY, Jung M, Kang BC, Oh J, Seong J, Lee HK, Kong HS, Song KD, Yun EY, Kim IW, Kwon YN, Lee DG, Hwang UW, Park J, Hwang JS | display-authors = 6 | title = Antimicrobial peptides in the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans | journal = Functional & Integrative Genomics | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 275–83 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24652097 | doi = 10.1007/s10142-014-0366 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wenhua R, Shuangquan Z, Daxiang S, Kaiya Z, Guang Y | title = Induction, purification and characterization of an antibacterial peptide scolopendrin I from the venom of centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans | journal = Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–93 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16955756 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JH, Kim IW, Kim SH, Kim MA, Yun EY, Nam SH, Ahn MY, Kang D, Hwang JS | display-authors = 6 | title = Anticancer Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Scolopendrasin VII Derived from the Centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans | journal = Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 25 | issue = 8 | pages = 1275–80 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25907065 | doi = 10.4014/jmb.1503.03091 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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*[[Charybdotoxin]] |
*[[Charybdotoxin]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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Revision as of 06:52, 31 October 2018
| Spooky toxin | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | |
| Symbol | SsTx |
| PDB | 5X0S |
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Spooky toxin (SsTx) is a small peptide that acts as a neurotoxin. It is found in the venom of Chinese red-headed centipedes, also known as golden head centipedes, (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans). It is originally comprised of 76 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 6017.5 Daltons, but loses 23 residues and becomes 53 residues long. As of today, SsTx is unique to Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans.
Through KCNQ channel blocking (preventing potassium from flowing into and out of cells) SsTx disrupts cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems; where snake venoms typically only affect circulatory or nervous systems, and venom from spiders, scorpions, and snails typically only target nervous systems. This allows for golden headed centipedes to target larger prey up to 15 times their size.[1]
Applications
The venom of the Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans is already being widely used in medicine in Asian countries.[2] Of these medicinal uses are antimicrobial, antibacterial, and even anticancer.[3][4][5]
See also
References
- ^ Luo L, Li B, Wang S, Wu F, Wang X, Liang P, et al. (February 2018). "Centipedes subdue giant prey by blocking KCNQ channels". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1646–1651. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714760115. PMC 5816164. PMID 29358396.
- ^ Pemberton, Robert W. (June 1999). "Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 65 (3): 207–216.
- ^ Yoo WG, Lee JH, Shin Y, Shim JY, Jung M, Kang BC, et al. (June 2014). "Antimicrobial peptides in the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans". Functional & Integrative Genomics. 14 (2): 275–83. doi:10.1007/s10142-014-0366. PMID 24652097.
- ^ Wenhua R, Shuangquan Z, Daxiang S, Kaiya Z, Guang Y (April 2006). "Induction, purification and characterization of an antibacterial peptide scolopendrin I from the venom of centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans". Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 43 (2): 88–93. PMID 16955756.
- ^ Lee JH, Kim IW, Kim SH, Kim MA, Yun EY, Nam SH, et al. (August 2015). "Anticancer Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Scolopendrasin VII Derived from the Centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 25 (8): 1275–80. doi:10.4014/jmb.1503.03091. PMID 25907065.