美国伟人名人堂
Hall of Fame Complex | |
New York City Landmark No. 0113
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地点 | 美國紐約市布朗克斯區 |
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坐标 | 40°51′31.7″N 73°54′50.9″W / 40.858806°N 73.914139°W |
占地面积 | 2英畝(0.81公頃) |
建于 | 1901 |
建筑师 | 斯坦福·怀特 |
建筑风格 | 古典复兴式建筑、美術學院派建築 |
NRHP编号 | 79001567 [1] |
NYCL No. | 0113 |
重要日期 | |
NRHP收录 | 1979年9月7日 |
指定NYCL | 1966年2月15日 |
美国伟人名人堂(Hall of Fame for Great Americans)是美国纽约市布朗克斯布朗克斯社区学院内的一座名人堂,收录了102名美国公民。它建于1901年,本是纽约大学大学高地校区的一部分,由建筑师斯坦福·怀特设计,用来装饰古尔德纪念图书馆(Gould Memorial Library)的挡土墙。它是一个带有柱廊的涼廊,长630英尺(190米),里面有各个伟人的匾额和青铜半身像。
慈善家海伦·古尔德于1900年为该建筑捐款,1901年5月30日正式落成。第一座半身像于1907年安放,最初展示的都是美国本土出生者,1915年开始接纳外国出生的公民。大多数半身像在1922年至1930年间完成。
名人堂收录的最后一位伟人于1976年选出。由于缺乏资金,名人堂缺少路易斯·布蘭迪斯、克拉拉·巴顿、路德·伯班克和安德鲁·卡内基的半身像,其余98个半身像也开始锈蚀。学校在20世纪末和21世纪初对名人堂进行了数次翻修。2017年羅伯特·E·李和石牆傑克森的半身像遭到移除。
历史
[编辑]纽约大学校长亨利·米切尔·麦克拉肯在1890年代末提议修建名人堂,以修饰古尔德纪念图书馆暴露在外的一堵挡土墙[2][3]。他的灵感来自于1853年竣工的德国慕尼黑名人堂[3][4]。它是美国第一个名人堂[5][6]。
1900年3月海伦·古尔德捐赠10万美元后,名人堂开始施工[7]。名人堂预计收录150人,其中50人在1900年选出,随后每5年选5个,直至2000年[8][9][10]。其预定的入选资格为在美国出生并至少在十年前去世[11][8][9]。1900年3月下旬投票开始时,名人堂修建成本已超过预算,达20万美元[12][13]。
纽约大学邀请了100人负责筛选名人,252项提名中只有30项获得合格的50票[14]。1900年10月,第一批入选者正式确认,同时学校还决定为外国出生的名人再建一个可容纳30人的名人堂[14][15]。美国伟人名人堂在1901年5月30日落成,收录29人,外国伟人名人堂则因缺乏资金没有建成[16][17]。名人堂建成后,迅速获得大众关注,《纽约时报》曾定期详细报道其提名和选举情况[5]。
到1960年代,名人堂的关注度还比较高。1973年,纽约大学将其布朗克斯校区出售给纽约市立大学,纽约市立大学将该校区划给布朗克斯社区学院[18][19]。但这次交易不包含名人堂,因为纽约市立大学认为名人堂没有价值[20]。名人堂基金成立于1974年,纽约大学和纽约市立大学每年共同提供125,000美元用于名人堂的维护[21],持续三年[20]。
1976年,纽约大学打算取消每年61,000美元的名人堂运营补贴。原因是它位置偏远,远离紐約地鐵,吸引的游客不够多[22],虽然每年仍有约一万名游客[21]。同年,名人堂开始根据选举人给出的分数筛选名人,而不是根据票数[23]。克拉拉·巴顿、路德·伯班克和安德鲁·卡内基入选[24][25],这也是名人堂的最后一次选举[21]。
1978年,新泽西州官员拒绝了将名人堂迁至自由州立公园的计划[26]。1979年,名人堂只有一名工作人员,没有任何维修资金[27],许多半身像渐渐锈蚀[20][28],一些甚至遭到破坏,如安德鲁·杰克逊的半身像[28]。
此后,名人堂在1981年至1985年(200万美元)[29]、1992年至1997年(130万美元)[30]多次翻修,花费不菲。布朗克斯社区学院于2001年组织了一次100万美元的筹款活动[31],近两年后只筹到2,000美元,全部来自纽约大学校友[32]。到2009年,名人堂主要由两位当地历史学家维护[6]。社区学院于2015年宣布计划筹集2500万至5000万美元用于翻修古尔德图书馆,并计划将名人堂扩建到图书馆内[33]。
2017年8月,团结右翼集会后,纽约州州长安德鲁·库默下令拆除联盟军将军羅伯特·E·李和石牆傑克森的半身像[34][35]。拆除后,名人堂只剩下96个半身像,还有6个剩余空位[36]。此后名人堂还是处在疏于维护的状态[37]
提名
[编辑]其提名规则在历史上发生过几次变动,目前所有提名人都必须是美国公民,包括归化公民和本土出生公民,并且他们必须在提名前至少25年去世[38][39][40],后一项规则在1922年前为10年前去世[38][39]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
- ^ Architects' and Builders' Magazine 1902
- ^ 3.0 3.1 MacCracken, Henry Mitchell. The Hall of Fame. The American Monthly Review of Reviews. Vol. XXII. July–December 1900: 563 [March 4, 2016]. (原始内容存档于September 8, 2022).
- ^ Johnson 1935
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Ackman, Dan. Fame's Fortune. Wall Street Journal. October 12, 2007 [June 7, 2022]. ISSN 0099-9660. (原始内容存档于June 7, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Dolnick, Sam. A Hall of Fame, Forgotten and Forlorn. The New York Times. December 5, 2009 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 17, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ Miss Gould's Gift to Hall of Fame; Will Not Deny She Presented $100,000 to the University. The New York Times. March 8, 1900 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 3, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Gift for a Hall of Fame; New York University to Commemorate Great Americans. The Institution's Council Accepts $100,000 to Build a Great Colonnade.. The New York Times. March 6, 1900 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 3, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ Hall of Fame Museum; To Use Foundation Structure for Portraits and Memorabilia. President Eliot of Harvard Named as the First of the 100 Judges -- Cost of the Colonnade.. The New York Times. March 27, 1900 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 3, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ 14.0 14.1 Names for Hall of Fame; Senate of New York University Confirms the List. The New York Times. October 13, 1900 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 3, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ Hall of Fame Dedicated; Tablets of Great Men Unveiled with Appropriate Ceremony. The New York Times. May 31, 1901 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 3, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ Hall of Fame Opened: Great Crowd Attends the Ceremony on University Heights Senator Depew the Orator of the Day--the Twenty-nine Tablets Unveiled Agreeable for an Outdoor Affair Mr. Depew's Speech Incidents of the Day. New-York Tribune. May 31, 1901: 7. ProQuest 570923935.
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- ^ Peterson, Iver. N.Y.U. Says It Has Recovered From Brink of Bankruptcy. The New York Times. September 19, 1973 [June 6, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 6, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Wallach, Amei. Forgotten Hall of Fame: The once-great tourist attraction of the Bronx has fallen into disuse and disrepair. Newsday. January 5, 1981: B1. ProQuest 965457308.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Future Shaky at Hall of Fame. The New York Times. January 6, 1977 [June 6, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于September 8, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ Three Are Elected To the Hall of Fame. The New York Times. November 15, 1976 [June 6, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于September 8, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ Haitch, Richard. Follow-Up on the News; Fragile Fame. The New York Times. November 29, 1981 [June 6, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 6, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ Sedensky, Matt. Neighborhood Report: University Heights; The Original Hall of Fame Tries to Get Back on Its Feet. The New York Times. November 25, 2001 [June 3, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 2, 2022) (美国英语).
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- ^ 38.0 38.1 Drops All Sex Bars in N.Y.U. Hall of Fame; Senate Also Extends Period to 25 Years After Death Before Honoring a Person.. The New York Times. May 17, 1922 [June 7, 2022]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 7, 2022) (美国英语).
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