紐約徵兵暴動
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New York City draft riots 紐約徵兵暴動 | |||
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美國內戰的一部分 | |||
![]() 暴民與軍隊的衝突場面 | |||
日期 | 1863年7月13日-16日 | ||
地點 | |||
起因 | 美國內戰爆發期間不滿國家的不平等徵兵 | ||
方法 | 示威、罷工、燒屋、暴動、砸店、攻打徵兵總部、攻擊黑人 | ||
結果 | 暴動被軍隊鎮壓 | ||
衝突方 | |||
| |||
傷亡 | |||
約120人死亡[1] |
紐約徵兵暴動(New York City draft riots)發生於1863年南北戰爭期間。7月13日,不滿徵兵制的許多美國紐約愛爾蘭裔工人,集體攻擊北方政府的徵兵機構,主要理由是徵兵制度中,富人繳交300美金免於當兵之理由。另外,暴動主因也是大量解放後的黑人搶奪勞工市場。該暴動後來演變攻擊黑人商店的大型暴動,期間約持續4天,才被軍警鎮壓。
起因
[编辑]1861年4月,美國爆發內戰,很快地約有10-25萬紐約人在聯合廣場集結[2]。亞伯拉罕·林肯欲征召一支達7萬5千人的志願軍,為聯邦作戰。在首十天內,纽约市共有8000人報名。[2]在1861年7月,第一次馬納沙斯之役使聯邦軍損失慘重,是次戰役的戰敗使聯邦軍對戰爭前景越來越不樂觀[2]。當時大部份紐約民主黨人反對戰爭,其中部份人同情邦聯軍,認為雙方進行談判會較為有利[3],例如紐約州州長霍拉肖·西摩(Horatio Seymour)反對該戰爭。[4]
戰爭期間,聯邦軍出現了人手不足問題。1863年3月3日,美國國會通過了第一項徵兵行動,授權總統能夠徵召18-35歲的公民参軍,每一服役階段期限為3年[5]。這行動使同情南軍的人感到恐懼,因為這會壯大北軍的實力,加上當時傳出繳交300美金能免於服役[6],這令低收入的人民不滿。同年7月11日,紐約市點名入伍一開始,大批白人湧上街頭,攻打徵兵總部,燒毀房屋,正式揭開暴動的序幕。[5]
暴動的持續
[编辑]7月13日,蓋茨堡戰役勝利後的十天,500名暴徒展開了對政府的攻擊,破坏屬於市政府的建築物。同時,在紐約市,白人勞工對於解放後的南方黑人進入勞工市場的不滿,而且許多雇主雇用黑人破壞罷工,又有嫉恨,於是便砸毀無辜的黑人家庭和商店,使反徵兵暴動演變成攻擊黑人商店的大型暴動。暴動變得一發不可收拾,縱使州長曾發表演說,欲使局勢穩定下來,但無功而回,最後迫使政府需要動用軍警鎮壓,使暴動才在7月16日結束。
結果
[编辑]目前為止並無一個確實數字證實死於暴動中的人數,但根據史學家James M. McPherson所說,最少120人死於暴動之中[7],估計2000人受傷,損失約一百萬美元[8],五十幢建築物被燒毀。歷史學家撒母耳·摩禮遜(Samuel Morison)寫道,認為該暴動是邦聯軍的勝利[8]。8月19日,徵兵又繼續了,縱使徵兵持續了十天,人民仍然並沒有更進一步的行動。最後,全國共有75萬人被徵召,但當中只有4萬5千人是自願的。[9]
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ McPherson, James M Oral by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 296.
- ^ Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 297.
- ^ Littleton, Martin Wilie, James K. McGuire. The Democratic Party of the State of New York: A History of the Origin, Growth and Achievements. United States History Co. 1905: p. 385.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Macmillan. 1899: p. 320–323.
- ^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto. NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. 2000: p. 43.
- ^ McPherson, James M Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. 1972: 451. ISBN 0451622545.
- ^ David Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction (2002) 229
參考文獻
[编辑]- Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 0198021712.
- Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. 1974 [2020-12-14]. ISBN 9780813112985. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13).
- Fry, James Barnet. New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1885.
- Headley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
- McCabe, James Dabney. The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. 1868.
horatio seymour.
- McPherson, James M., Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6
- Rumsey, David. Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863) 1863. Matthew Dripps. [July 20, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- Schecter, Barnet. The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2005. ISBN 080271837X.
- Schecter, Barnet. The Civil War Draft Riots. North & South (Civil War Society). 2007, 10 (1): 72.
延伸閲讀
[编辑]- Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- United States War and Navy Departments. Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii. 1889.
- Walling, George W. Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6. 1887.
- New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4.
相關影視
[编辑]參見
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]- Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people, suffering from the late riots in the city of New York. New York: G. A. Whitehorne, 1863, African American Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress.
- New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit)
- "New York Draft Riots" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2002, source Civil War Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website
- "New York Draft Riots" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net
- "1863 New York City Draft Riots", mrlincolnandnewyork.org
- Bill Bigelow, "The Draft Riot Mystery" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 9-page lesson plan for High School Students, 2012, Zinn Education Project/Teaching for Change