Liōng-chí tia̍p-ka

Liōng-tsí tia̍p-ka ê tsōng-thài kap thuè-siong-kan (decoherence).

Liōng-tsí li̍k-ha̍k hē-lia̍t ê tsi̍t-pōo-hūn
$i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle$ Schrödinger hong-tîng-sik
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Liōng-tsí tia̍p-ka (quantum superposition) sī liōng-tsí li̍k-ha̍k ê ki-pún guân-lí. Teh king-tián li̍k-ha̍k tang-tiong, uī-tì hi̍k-tsiá tōng-liōng tsi-luī ê mi̍h-kiānn tsóng--sī ū bîng-khak tīng-gī ê. Lán khó-lîng teh jīm-hô ti̍k-tīng sik-an lóng m̄ tsai-iánn in sī siánn-mih; m̄-koh tse-sī lán lí-kái ê būn-tê, m̄-sī bu̍t-lí hē-thóng ê būn-tê. Teh liōng-tsí li̍k-ha̍k tang-tiong, lia̍p-tsí ē-sái tshù-î bô kāng-khuán tsōng-thài ê tia̍p-ka. Put-jî-kò, tshik-liông tsóng--sī huat-hiān lia̍p-tsí tshù-î tsi̍t-tsióng tsōng-thài,m̄-koh teh tshik-liông tsìn-tsîng hām liáu-āu, lia̍p-tsí kann-a iōng thong-kuè bô kâng tsōng-thài ê tia̍p-ka lâi kái-sueh ê hong-sik hōo-siong tsok-iōng.

Uì sòo-ha̍k ting-kua lâi-kóng, tō tshin-tshiūnn king-tián bu̍t-lí-ha̍k tang-tiong ê pho kāng-khuán, jīm-hô nn̄g-ê (hi̍k-tsiá koh khah-tsē) liōng-tsí lóng ē-tàng ka tsò-hué (tia̍p-ka), kiat-kó tio̍h-sī līng-guā tsi̍t-ê ū-hāu ê liōng-tsí thài; tian-tò lâi-kóng, ta̍k ê liōng-tsí thài lóng ē-tàng piáu-sī tsò nn̄g-ê hi̍k-tsiá tsiânn-tsē ê kî-thann bô kâng tsōng-thài ê tsóng-ha̍p. Teh sòo-ha̍k tíng-kuân, liōng-tsí thài sóo tsí-sī ê sī Schrödinger hong-tîng ê kái-tap sìng-tsit: iû-î Schrödinger hong-tîng sī suann-sìng ê, in-tshú jīm-hô kái-tap ê suànn-sìng tsoo-ha̍p mā tio̍h-sī sī kái-tap.

liōng-tsí hē-thóng pho-tōn ê bu̍t-lí ē-tàng kuan-tshat piáu-hiān ê tsi̍t-ê huān-lē sī siang-phāng si̍t-giām (double-slit experiment) tang-tiong tiān-tsí sok ê kan-sia̍p hong. Siang-phāng si̍t-giām tsit-ê tôo-àn hām king-tián pho ián-siā soo tit-tio̍h ê tôo-àn hui-siông sio-kâng.

Līng-guā tsi̍t-ê huān-lē sī liōng-tsí sìn-sit tshú-lí tang-tiong sú-iōng ê liōng-tsí lô-tsi̍p qubit (liōng-tsi uī-guân) thài, i sī "ki-thài" $|0\rangle$ hām $|1\rangle$ ê liōng-tsí tia̍p-ka. Teh-tsia $|0\rangle$ sī liōng-tsí thài`的Dirac hû-hō, tng-teh thong-kuè tshik-liông tsuán-uānn tsò king-tián lô-tsi̍p ê sî-tsūn, liōng-tsí thài tsóng--sī the̍h-kiong kiat-kó 0 tsōng-thài. Kāng-khuán, $|1\rangle$ sīsí-tsiong ē tsuán-uānn tsò 1 ê tsōng-thài. Kah kan-na tshú-î tuì-ìng tī 0 ê tsōng-thài hi̍k-tsiá tuì-ìng tī 1 ê tsōng-thài tsi king-tián uī-guân tò-píng, tsi̍t-ê qubit khó-lîng tshú-î nn̄g-tsióng tsōng-thài ê tia̍p-ka. Tse ì-bī tio̍h tshik-liông tsi̍t-ê qubit uî 0 hi̍k-tsiá 1 ê kài-lu̍t thong-siông m̄ sī 0.0 mā m̄ sī 1.0, pīng-tshiánn tuì-ìng tshú-î sio-kâng tsōng-thài ê qubit tsìn-hîng to-tshù tshik-liông, pīng m̄ tsóng--sī the̍h-kiong sio-kâng ê kiat-kó.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

• Bohr, N. (1927/1928). The quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic theory, Nature Supplement 14 April 1928, 121: 580–590.
• Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., Laloë, F. (1973/1977). Quantum Mechanics, translated from the French by S. R. Hemley, N. Ostrowsky, D. Ostrowsky, second edition, volume 1, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0471164321.
• Dirac, P. A. M. (1930/1958). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th edition, Oxford University Press.
• Einstein, A. (1949). Remarks concerning the essays brought together in this co-operative volume, translated from the original German by the editor, pp. 665–688 in Schilpp, P. A. editor (1949), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, volume II, Open Court, La Salle IL.
• Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R.B., Sands, M. (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, volume 3, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
• Merzbacher, E. (1961/1970). Quantum Mechanics, second edition, Wiley, New York.
• Messiah, A. (1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated by G.M. Temmer from the French Mécanique Quantique, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
• Wheeler, J. A.; Zurek, W.H. (1983). Quantum Theory and Measurement. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 

Tsham-ua̍t

• Coherence time
• Quantum interference

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