미국의 여성 각료 목록
List of female United States Cabinet members이 기사는 영화 시리즈의 일부분이다. |
정치학 미국 |
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미국 내각은 미국 연방 행정부처 중 하나 이상의 비서로 37명의 여성 장교와 30명의 여성을 장관급 공무원으로 두고 있으며, 이 중 3명은 각 부서의 책임자로 임명되었고, 4명은 내각과 각료급 사무국장을 겸임했다.역사적으로 부통령은 또한 필요할 경우 대통령직을 맡을 준비가 되어 있는 대통령 내각의 일부분이다. 한 여성이 그 자리에 선출되었다.어떤 여성도 1920년 주와 연방정부가 그 시민의 성별 때문에 어떤 시민에게도 투표권을 부정하는 것을 금지하는 미국 헌법의 19차 개정안이 비준되기 전에 내각의 입장을 가진 사람은 없었다.[1]
Frances Perkins는 내각에서 근무한 최초의 여성이었다; 그녀는 1933년 프랭클린 D 대통령에 의해 노동부 장관으로 임명되었다. 루즈벨트.[2]퍼킨스는 해리 S 이후 잠시 동안 재임했다. 트루먼은 루즈벨트의 죽음으로 대통령직에 취임했고, 별도의 정부 하에서 같은 직책을 맡은 최초의 여성이 되었다.패트리샤 로버츠 해리스는 1977년 지미 카터 대통령 휘하의 주택도시개발부 장관으로 임명되었을 때 내각에서 근무한 최초의 흑인 여성과 유색인종 여성이었다.[3]2년 후, 해리스는 1979년 부서 분리 이전에 보건, 교육, 복지부 장관을 역임한 첫 번째 여성 국무위원이 되었다. 그녀는 그 후 보건 및 복지부 장관으로 취임했다.[4][3]엘리자베스 돌은 두 개의 다른 행정부에서 두 개의 다른 내각 직책을 역임한 최초의 여성이었다.그녀는 1983년 로널드 레이건 대통령에 의해 교통부 장관으로 임명되었고 레이건의 후임인 조지 H. W. 부시 대통령 재임 중 노동부 장관을 지냈다.[5][6]체코슬로바키아 태생인 매들린 올브라이트는 1997년 빌 클린턴 대통령에 의해 국무장관에 임명되었다.올브라이트는 당시 미국 역대 대통령 행정부 중 최고위직 여성이었다.[7][a]일레인 차오는 미국 시민으로 귀화한 최초의 여성으로, 서로 다른 두 정권에서 두 개의 다른 내각 직위를 획득했다.[6]2001년 조지 W 부시 대통령이 노동부 장관에 임명했고 이후 도널드 트럼프 대통령이 교통부 장관에 임명했다.차오는 또한 아시아계 미국인 여성으로는 처음으로 대통령 내각을 역임했다.[6]
콘돌리자 라이스는 2005년 국무장관으로 임명되어 미국 역사상 최고위직의 후계자가 되었다.[8][9]2007년 1월 4일, 낸시 펠로시는 라이스가 하원의장으로 선출되었을 때 가장 높은 직위의 여성으로 교체되었다.[10][9]2021년 1월 20일 카말라 해리스는 펠로시를 제치고 부통령으로 취임하면서 후계자 중 최고위직에 올랐다.[11][12]
In 2021, President Joe Biden named five women as secretaries to his initial Cabinet—former chair of the Federal Reserve Janet Yellen as secretary of the treasury, U.S. Representative Deb Haaland (D-NM) as secretary of the interior, governor of Rhode Island Gina Raimondo as secretary of commerce, U.S. Rep. Marcia Fudge (D-OH) as secretary of housing도시 개발, 그리고 에너지 장관으로 미시간 제니퍼 그랜홀름 전 주지사가 버락 오바마 대통령이 세운 기록을 1개 초과했다.[13]그러나 오바마는 역대 대통령 중 가장 많은 8명의 여성 각료 임명 기록을 보유하고 있으며 이는 조지 W 부시 전 대통령의 6명을 능가하는 수치다.
노동부는 7명으로 여성 비서들이 가장 많았다.[14]보건인적자원부는 5개, 상무부는 4개, 교육, 주택도시개발, 행정, 주, 교통부는 3개, 에너지,[14] 국토안보부, 법무부는 2개, 농림부와 재무부는 1개였다.폐지된 후생복지부에도 여성비서관이 두 명 있었다.[14]기존 내각 부처 중 여성 비서관이 아직 없는 부처는 국방보훈처뿐이다.[15][16]
여성 부사장
숫자 순서는 미국 대통령직계승계관직의 연공서열을 나타낸다.[12]
- * 최초의 여성 부사장
# | 이름 | 포지션 | 선출년 또는 지정되어 있는 | 파티 | 관리 | 참조 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 카말라 해리스* | 부통령 | 2021 | 민주적인 | 조 바이든 | [11] |
여성 각료들
현재 부서
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg/170px-Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg)
숫자 순서는 미국 대통령 계승 서열에서 비서들의 연공서열을 나타낸다.[12]
- * 특정 부서의 첫 여성 비서
폐지된 부서
각 부서는 내각(최초)의 설치 또는 승격 순으로 나열된다.
- * 특정 부서의 첫 여성 비서
# | 이름 | 포지션 | 연도 지명된 | 파티 | 관리 | 참조 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | —[d] | 전쟁 장관 | —[d] | —[d] | —[d] | — |
2 | —[e] | 해군 장관 | —[e] | —[e] | —[e] | — |
3 | —[f] | 우체국장 | —[f] | —[f] | —[f] | — |
4 | —[g] | 상무·노동부 장관 | —[g] | —[g] | —[g] | — |
5 | —[h] | 공군 서기관 | —[h] | —[h] | —[h] | — |
6 | —[i] | 육군 장관 | —[i] | —[i] | —[i] | — |
7 | 오바 컬프 취미* | 보건복지부 장관 | 1953 | 공화당 | 드와이트 D.아이젠하워 | [54] |
7 | 패트리샤 로버츠 해리스 | 보건복지부 장관 | 1979 | 민주적인 | 지미 카터 | [3] |
장관급 직책을 맡아온 여성들
대통령은 추가 공무원을 내각의 구성원으로 지정할 수 있다.이들 직책이 항상 내각에 있었던 것은 아니어서 일부 여성 공직자들은 명단에 오르지 못할 수도 있다.
다음 명단에는 15개 집행부 외에 장관급 직책을 맡았던 여성이 포함돼 있다.아래 표는 여성이 각료급에 임명된 시점을 기준으로 정리되어 있다.
- * 특정 기관의 첫 여성 우두머리를 나타냄
참고 항목
메모들
- a 외국 출생으로 인한 후계자 자격이 없다.[9][83]
- b 국방부는 1947년에 설립되었다. 아직 어떤 여성도 복무하지 않았다.[15]
- c 1989년에 보훈처가 설립되었는데, 아직 여성이 근무한 적은 없다.[16]
- d 1789년부터 1947년까지 내각에 속했던 전쟁장관 자리는 1947년 국가보안법에 의해 육군부와 공군부 사이에 전쟁부가 분리되고 1949년 둘 다 국방부로 흡수되면서 없어졌다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.[84][85]
- e 해군장관은 1949년 해군성이 국방부로 흡수되면서 1798년부터 1949년까지 내각의 일원이 되는 것을 중단했다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.수잔 리빙스톤은 2003년 국방장관 대행직에서 근무한 첫 여성이다.[84]
- f 우체국장(Postmaster General)은 1829년부터 1971년까지 우정사업부가 우정사업법에 의해 행정부와 독립된 특별기관인 미국우체국으로 재조직되면서 내각의 일원이 중단되었다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.독립된 미국 우체국 창설 이후, 메간 브레넌은 2015년 우체국장을 지낸 최초의 여성이 되었다.[86][87]
- g 1903년부터 1913년까지 내각에 속했던 상무부 장관의 직위는 1913년 상무부가 두 개의 분리된 실체로 세분되면서 없어졌다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.[88]
- h 공군의 장관은 1949년 공군이 국방부로 흡수되면서 1947년부터 1949년까지 내각의 일원이 되는 것을 중단되었다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.쉴라 위드널은 1993년 국방장관의 직위가 된 후 처음으로 그 직책을 맡은 여성이었다.[89]
- i 육군장관은 1949년 육군부가 국방부로 흡수되면서 1947년부터 1949년까지 내각의 일원이 되는 것을 중단했다.내각 직책인 동안에는 어떤 여성도 근무한 적이 없었다.Christine Wormuth는 국방부 장관 아래 지위가 된 후 2021년에 그 직책을 맡은 최초의 여성이었다.[90]
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