WTC Cortlandt station

Early history

The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the city and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in Brooklyn. As part of Contract 4, the IRT agreed to build a branch of the original subway line south down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street, and West Broadway to serve the West Side of Manhattan.^[5][6][7]

The construction of this line, in conjunction with the construction of the Lexington Avenue Line, would change the operations of the IRT system. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turning onto 42nd Street, before finally turning onto Park Avenue, there would be two trunk lines connected by the 42nd Street Shuttle. The system would be changed from looking like a "Z" system on a map to an "H" system. One trunk would run via the new Lexington Avenue Line down Park Avenue, and the other trunk would run via the new Seventh Avenue Line up Broadway. In order for the line to continue down Varick Street and West Broadway, these streets needed to be widened, and two new streets were built, the Seventh Avenue Extension and the Varick Street Extension.^[8] It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as Chelsea and Greenwich Village.^[9][10]

Cortlandt Street opened as part of an extension of the line from 34th Street–Penn Station to South Ferry on July 1, 1918.^[11][12] Initially, the station was served by a shuttle running from Times Square to South Ferry.^[11][13] The new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square.^[14] An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle in order to retrace the original layout. The completion of the "H" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system.^[9] The station was built at the intersection of Cortlandt and Greenwich Streets, in a part of Lower Manhattan nicknamed "Radio Row" because of the many electronics dealers on the street.^[15] It had a standard two side platform layout with two tracks.^[16] There were mosaic decorations by Squire J. Vickers or Herbert Dole depicting ships along each platform's wall.^[17] Red I-beam columns ran along the entire length of both platforms at regular intervals with every other column having the standard black station name plate in white lettering; the name plates alternated between "Cortlandt Street" and "World Trade Center".^[18]

20th century

The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.^[19][20] On August 9, 1964, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced the letting of a $7.6 million contract to lengthen platforms at stations from Rector Street to 34th Street–Penn Station on the line, including Cortlandt Street, and stations from Central Park North–110th Street to 145th Street on the Lenox Avenue Line to allow express trains to be lengthened from nine-car trains to ten-car trains, and to lengthen locals from eight-car trains to ten-car trains. With the completion of this project, the NYCTA project to lengthen IRT stations to accommodate ten-car trains would be complete.^[21] Work on the platform extension project took place in 1965 and 1966.^[22][23] During the project, old tiling and mosaics were removed and replaced with the 1970s-style varnished, tan-colored brick tiles.^[24] One of the mosaics was preserved in the New York Transit Museum.^[17]

In 1965, Cortlandt Street west of Church Street was demolished to create the superblock of the World Trade Center.^[25] The station, with entrances at Vesey Street and inside the World Trade Center concourse,^[22] was separated from the remaining block of Cortlandt Street.^[25]

During the 1980s, when service levels across the subway system were decreased greatly from their heyday in the 1910s, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority installed the system's first train-frequency schedules at the Cortlandt Street station. Older timetables and maps elsewhere had been removed since they had become inaccurate.^[26]

Trains bypassed the station in the aftermath of the February 26, 1993, World Trade Center bombing.^[27] Soon after, 1 trains were back to Chambers Street.^[28] In 2001, just prior to the September 11 attacks, the Cortlandt Street station saw 19,446 riders per day.^[29]: 8C-3

September 11, 2001, attacks

The station and the surrounding subway tunnels were severely damaged in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks following the collapse of Two World Trade Center, resulting in the closure of the line south of Chambers Street.^[30] During the September 11 attacks in 2001, a train operator reported an "explosion" to the MTA's Subway Control Center one minute after the first plane struck the World Trade Center's North Tower at 8:46 a.m. Subway service was halted shortly afterward and, as a result, no one in the subway system died.^[31] The steel I-beams of the station were crumpled and the station roof collapsed, as the tunnel had been located 40 feet (12 m) underground, relatively close to ground level.^[30] The original tunnel had measured 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 18 feet (5.5 m) high, with columns between the two tracks spaced at intervals of 5 feet (1.5 m).^[32]

Soon after the attacks, two options were considered: either the existing line would be repaired, or the tunnel would be diverted westward just to the north of the World Trade Center site before heading to a new terminal at South Ferry.^[33] The first option was chosen, and to quickly restore service to Rector Street and South Ferry stations to the south, workers demolished the remainder of the station and built walls where the platforms used to be.^[34][35] 975 feet (297 m) of tunnels and trackage, including 575 feet (175 m) of totally destroyed tunnels and tracks in the vicinity of the station site as it traversed Ground Zero, were entirely rebuilt. However, officials wanted only to reopen Rector and South Ferry stations at the time, and the Cortlandt Street station was to be closed completely, with no replacement.^[35]

Eventually, it was decided that the Cortlandt Street station was to be rebuilt as part of the greater World Trade Center reconstruction project; since the station was such a vital one in the area, a permanent closure was infeasible.^[35] As part of the project, the East Bathtub was extended under the line to the eastern boundary of the site at Church Street. George Pataki, who was the governor of New York at the time, stated, "This is going to help more than a million people by restoring service, help the recovery of lower Manhattan and sends a powerful message that New York City can't be stopped."^[36] The Port Authority's chief engineer and others tried to convince him to temporarily shut down the line while the new transportation hub at the World Trade Center was under construction. The Governor's decision to keep the line open increased the cost of the project because the subway structure had to be underpinned.^[37] The new tunnel measured 100 feet (30 m) wide to accommodate the future reconstruction of the Cortlandt Street station;^[34] it was otherwise designed to the same specifications as the original tunnel, with columns placed every 5 feet (1.5 m).^[32] The line reopened on September 15, 2002, with trains bypassing the site of the Cortlandt Street station.^[38][39]

The northern entrance at Vesey Street was under a staircase to the plaza above. After the attacks, the staircase still stood and became known as the Survivors' Staircase.^[40] The stairs were moved into the National September 11 Museum in July 2008.^[41]

Reconstruction and delays

PANYNJ cleanup

The ruins of the former Vesey Street entrance (lower right) in 2006

The WTC site in 2008. The concrete structure at top is a subway tunnel that includes the former location of the original station

In 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), in the Environmental Impact Statement for the World Trade Center PATH terminal, expected the Cortlandt Street station to reopen in 2009.^{[29]: 8C-16} In October 2008, the PANYNJ stated in a report that it had come to an agreement with the MTA on reconstructing the Cortlandt Street station. The MTA would pay the Port Authority to rebuild the station as part of the Port Authority's World Trade Center Transportation Hub contract, in order to make the construction process more efficient.^[42]: 50 The Port Authority was set to complete underpinning and excavation under the tunnel structure by the second quarter of 2010, and start basic construction of the Cortlandt Street station during the 3rd quarter.^[42]: 50 In the second quarter report for 2010, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey confirmed that excavation under the tunnel structure of the World Trade Center site was nearly complete, and that construction of the Cortlandt Street station would begin during the third quarter of 2010.^[43] Station finishes were set to start during the second quarter of 2011,^[42]: 50 and work began on the station mezzanine and platforms in September 2011.^[44]

The tracks were walled off for the protection of the workers while the construction progressed. From 2008^[45] to 2011,^[44] the 1 train used an enclosed structure for a short distance when passing the site of the station, as a result of the massive excavation in the World Trade Center site.^[46] When the site was filled back in, the developers of the new World Trade Center rebuilt Cortlandt Street across the site as one of the primary roads, resulting in the rebuilt Cortlandt Street station again serving its namesake.^[25]

Disputes between the PANYNJ and the MTA over who would pay for the renovation had caused the planned opening of the station to be delayed from 2014 to 2018. In 2013, the PANYNJ awarded a contract to rebuild the station. The first phase of the demolition of the original station cost $19 million.^[46] The area was still being rebuilt in December 2013,^[47] and in February 2015, the PANYNJ and the MTA agreed to finish the station. The part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line on which the Cortlandt Street station is located, south of Chambers Street, was intermittently closed between May 2015 and 2018. This allowed construction at the station, which included station finishes, tiles and lighting,^[48] to resume.^[49]

MTA rebuild

The MTA gained control of the Cortlandt Street station's reconstruction project in 2015.^[36] However, in January 2017, an independent engineer for the MTA said that the station's reopening could potentially be pushed back due to disagreements with station contractor Judlau Contracting. At that time, the MTA had spent $800,000 per month on the project, but it would need to spend four times as much money in order to meet the projected August 2018 deadline.^[50] The PANYNJ agreed to grant the MTA "full access" to the Cortlandt Street station in June 2017 once the temporary World Trade Center PATH entrance was demolished and the station's foundation was poured.^[51] The renovation included new Americans with Disabilities Act-compliant entrances with elevators,^[51] track-intrusion systems, fire alarms, Help Points, CCTV cameras, countdown clocks and air conditioning.^[52] A $1 million text-based marble mural by Ann Hamilton was installed in the station.^[48]

By September 2017, much of the communications, power, and ventilation infrastructure was being installed, but contractor work and Port Authority utility relocation were significantly delayed. According to the MTA's Capital Program Oversight Committee, the contractor had to more than double its productivity to ensure an October 2018 opening, with substantial completion in December 2018.^[53] In April 2018, several news sources affirmed the possible reopening date of October 2018.^{[36][54][55][56]} By June, the station wiring was complete, architectural finishes and turnstiles were being installed, and elevators and escalators were being installed.^[57] Station name signs with the text "World Trade Center" were being installed along the platform walls by August 2018.^[58][59] The reconstruction of the station ultimately cost $181 million,^[60][61] up from earlier projections of $158 million^[62] and $101 million.^[48] At that point, the television station WCBS-TV estimated that over a million trains had passed through the station without stopping.^[62]

On September 7, 2018, several news sources reported that the station would reopen the next day in time for the seventeenth anniversary of the attacks.^[2][59] The following day, the station indeed reopened with a ceremony.^[63][61][60] A new name, "WTC Cortlandt", was chosen for the station because of its location under the World Trade Center, in addition to paying homage to its historic name of Cortlandt Street.^[64] However, work on the station had yet to be complete. As of September 2018^[update], the MTA still had to complete the art on the northbound platform's wall, replace temporary ceilings, floodproof the station, and complete the north end of the station. The MTA projected that the work would be substantially complete by the end of December 2018.^[65]: 10 As of July 2019^[update], the station's reconstruction was 95% complete but some work remained to be done.^[66]: 122

Panoramic view of the rebuilt station

Exits

The rebuilt station is connected to the Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street and World Trade Center PATH stations within the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. The WTC Cortlandt station is located just west to the World Trade Center Hub's head house, which is known as the "Oculus".^[72][44][74] There are a total of four entrances from the World Trade Center Transportation Hub.^[2] Two mezzanines underneath the tracks, at the north and south ends of the station, give direct access from the subway to the PATH. The northern mezzanine contains access to both platforms, while the southern mezzanine only connects to the southbound platform.^[73] There are additional entrances to the uptown platform from the Oculus building's upper balcony, as well as from the South Concourse, which connects to the basement of 3 World Trade Center.^[72][73] There is an out-of-system connection to the Fulton Center via the WTC Hub.^[44][75]

The southbound platform has two direct exits to the street. The first is an elevator and stair at Vesey Street at the platform's extreme north end, and the second is a pair of staircases to Cortlandt Way at the station's extreme south end.^[73] The station is ADA-accessible via the elevator at Vesey Street, as well as existing elevators to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. Additional elevators lead from each platform to the crossunder beneath the station.^[57][73][75]

Prior to 9/11, the station's full-time entrance was located at the north end of the station at Vesey Street and West Broadway, where there was a turnstile bank and one full height turnstile.^[76][77] The token booth at this exit was still intact until the last remnants of the station were removed in 2007.^[78][79] The entrance to the World Trade Center Concourse^[80] consisted of full height turnstiles at the center of each platform^[81] and was only open on weekdays between 6:40 a.m. and 10 p.m.^[22][f] At the station's southern end, there was an exit to Liberty Street through Four World Trade Center.^[83]

v t e Lower Manhattan transit
Legend
Franklin Street Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall ​ ( ) ​​ Chambers Street Chambers Street ​ ​ ( ) Chambers Street–WTC City Hall ​ ​ Park Place WTC Cortlandt Cortlandt Street ​ (  HOB   NWK ) World Trade Center Fulton Street ​​​​​​​ Rector Street Rector Street ​ ​ Wall Street Wall Street ​ ​ Bowling Green Broad Street ( ​) ( ) South Ferry/Whitehall Street Whitehall Terminal South Ferry loops