Spain

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
  - Vegetation
  - Wildlife
  - Fish
People
- Ethnic groups
  - The Romans
  - The Visigoths
  - The Muslims
  - Recent arrivals
  - The Gitano minority
- Languages
  - Castilian
  - Catalan
  - Galician
  - Euskera
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
  - Human landscape
  - Migration
  - Urbanization
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
  - Agriculture
  - Forestry
  - Fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labour and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
  - Railroads
  - Roads
  - Air travel
  - Maritime transport
  - Telecommunications
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Regional government
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
  - National parties
  - Regional parties
  - Minor parties
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
Cultural life
- Cultural milieu
- Daily life and social customs
  - Organization of the day
  - Food and drink
  - Internationalization of culture
  - Festivals and holidays
- The arts
  - Music
  - Literature
  - Theatre
  - Visual arts
  - Architecture
  - Cinema
- Cultural institutions
  - Museums
  - Libraries and archives
  - Academies and institutes
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
  - The press
  - Television and radio
History
- Pre-Roman Spain
  - Prehistory
  - Phoenicians
  - Greeks
  - Iberians
  - Celts
- Roman Spain
  - The conquest
  - Romanization
  - Administration
  - Economy
  - Religion
  - Roman remains
- Visigothic Spain to c. 500
- The Visigothic kingdom
- Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260
  - The Christian states, 711–1035
  - The medieval empire, 1035–1157
  - The rise of Castile and Aragon
  - Society, economy, and culture
- Christian Spain, c. 1260–1479
  - Castile and León, 1252–1479
  - Castilian institutions, society, and culture
- Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479
  - Aragonese institutions and society
  - Aragonese culture
- Muslim Spain
  - The conquest
  - The independent emirate
  - The caliphate of Córdoba
  - The ṭāʾifas
  - The Almoravids
  - The Almohads
  - Granada
  - Society
  - The economy
  - Culture of Muslim Spain
    - Literature
    - Philosophy
    - Science
- United Spain under the Catholic Monarchs
  - The union of Aragon and Castile
    - Aragon and Catalonia
    - Castile
  - The Spanish Inquisition
    - The conversos
    - The statutes of limpieza
  - The conquest of Granada
  - Spain and the New World
    - Colonial policy
    - The Atlantic trade
- Spain under the Habsburgs
  - Charles I
    - The comunero movement
    - The nobility
    - Charles I’s foreign policy
  - Philip II
    - Finance and imperial policy
    - The Moriscos
    - Portugal and Aragon
  - Lepanto
  - Spain in 1600
    - Spain’s Golden Age in literature
    - The “Golden Age” in architecture and painting
  - The reign of Philip III
    - The expulsion of the Moriscos
    - Spain and Europe
  - Philip IV’s reign
    - Spain and the Thirty Years’ War
    - The government of Olivares
    - The revolt of Catalonia
    - The revolt of Portugal
    - The last years of Philip IV
  - Charles II
    - The French wars
    - The decline of Spain
- The early Bourbons, 1700–53
  - The War of the Spanish Succession
  - “American” and “Italian” policies
- The reign of Charles III, 1759–88
  - Economic revival
  - Imperial problems
  - Domestic reforms
- Charles IV and the French Revolution
- The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14
  - The War of Independence
  - The Constitution of Cadiz, 1812
- Ferdinand VII, 1814–33
  - The failure of liberalism
  - The “ominous decade,” 1823–33
- Isabella II, 1833–68
  - The Carlist wars
  - Moderates, progressives, and the generals
  - Economic expansion
- The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873
- The restored monarchy, 1875–1923
  - Stability, 1875–98
  - Opposition movements, 1898–1923
- Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36)
  - Primo de Rivera
  - The Second Republic
- The Civil War
- Franco’s Spain, 1939–75
- Spain since 1975
  - Transition to democracy
  - The administration of Felipe González, 1982–96
  - Spain at the beginning of the 21st century
    - The Aznar regime
    - Zapatero and a new generation of Socialist leadership
    - Economic downturn
  - Austerity, indignados, and the rise of third parties
    - The Rajoy administration
    - Economic recovery and Catalonian independence
Kings and queens regnant of Spain

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

Granada: Alhambra

Andalusia, Spain

Alcazar of Toledo

Puerta de Alcalá

Barcelona: Torre Agbar

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Spain: Facts & Stats

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Facts

Also Known As	Reino de España • Kingdom of Spain • España
Head Of Government	Prime Minister: Pedro Sánchez
Capital	Madrid
Population	(2024 est.) 48,736,000
Currency Exchange Rate	1 USD equals 0.937 euro
Head Of State	King: Felipe VI
Form Of Government	constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [266¹]; Congress of Deputies [350])
Official Language	Castilian Spanish²
Official Religion	none
Official Name	Reino de España (Kingdom of Spain)
Total Area (Sq Km)	505,983
Total Area (Sq Mi)	195,360
Monetary Unit	euro (€)
Population Rank	(2023) 30
Population Projection 2030	47,083,000
Density: Persons Per Sq Mi	(2024) 249.5
Density: Persons Per Sq Km	(2024) 96.3
Urban-Rural Population	Urban: (2024) 81.8% • Rural: (2024) 18.2%
Life Expectancy At Birth	Male: (2022) 80.4 years • Female: (2022) 85.9 years
Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate	Male: (2020) 99% • Female: (2020) 98%
Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000)	(2023) 1,556,447
Gni Per Capita (U.S.$)	(2023) 32,180
¹Includes 58 indirectly elected seats. ²The constitution states that “Castilian is the Spanish official language of the State,” but that “all other Spanish languages (including Euskera [Basque], Catalan, and Galician) will also be official in the corresponding autonomous communities.”

Did You Know?

Spain's national anthem has no lyrics.
According to Spanish legend, when children lose a baby tooth, a mouse will exchange it for presents.
The Spanish town Bunol hosts an annual tomato-throwing festival called "La Tomatina".
Spain officially remained neutral during World War I and World War II.
A Spanish New Year's tradition, eating twelve green grapes at midnight, is thought to bring good luck.

Photos and Videos

Granada: Alhambra

Andalusia, Spain

Alcazar of Toledo

Puerta de Alcalá

Barcelona: Torre Agbar

Christopher Columbus's fleet

The art of making Spanish tapas

How did Spain become a colonial power in America?

Experience the scenic landscapes and landmarks of Catalonia, Spain

Learn about the decline of saffron farming in La Mancha, Spain

The future of solar power: Multi-junction solar cells

National anthem of Spain

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Quiz

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Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz

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You Name It!

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Countries & Their Features

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The Country Quiz

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