Volt aligns its political positions across Europe, presenting a common, pan-European manifesto. In the 2019 European Parliament elections, Volt ran in eight member states with a shared platform, emphasising solutions to supranational challenges, such as climate change, defense, energy policy, migration, economic inequality, terrorism, welfare, and the technological evolution of the labor market. The party advocates for a stronger, more integrated European Union, with the long-term goal of creating a federal Europe.[10] Additionally, Volt endorses the formation of a European army, joint European debt and taxes, nuclear energy including the construction of new nuclear power plants,[11][12] and stronger economic solidarity between the EU member states.
Initially using the slogan "Neither left nor right", Volt is now generally perceived as centrist[13][14] or center-left, with a core focus on evidence-based policy and best-practice sharing among EU countries and municipalities.[15] It campaigns on these principles in both local and national elections.
Founded in March 2017, Volt's first national subsidiary party was established in Hamburg, Germany, a year later. Since then, Volt has developed local teams in all EU member states, as well as in non-EU countries like Albania, Switzerland, Kosovo, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Volt subsidiaries are now registered political parties in many of these countries, most recently expanding to Cyprus and Romania.
History
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2024)
Foundation
National sections of Volt Europa. The borders of the European Union are shown in red.
Volt Europa was founded on 29 March 2017 by Andrea Venzon, Colombe Cahen-Salvador, and Damian Boeselager, on the same day that the United Kingdom formally announced its intention to leave the European Union under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union.[16][17][18] According to their own statement, Volt's foundation was a reaction to growing populism in the world as well as to Brexit.[19][20] Venzon became founding President, Boeselager Vice President, and Cahen-Salvador policy lead.[21][17]
2019 European Parliament election
European elections 2019 promo by Volt Netherlands, May 2019Damian Boeselager, Volt's first Member of the European Parliament
Between 27 and 28 October 2018, Volt Europa hosted its General Assembly meeting in Amsterdam, agreeing its Amsterdam Declaration, which also served as its manifesto programme for the European Parliament elections.[22] The party previously gathered in Berlin, Bucharest, and Paris.
On 9 June 2019, following a pan-European vote of party members, Volt elected to join the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament.[25] In the future, Volt hopes to be able to form its own political group in the European Parliament, which would require a minimum of 25 MEPs from at least seven different member states.
Election of new board and first pan-European digital assembly
From 12 to 13 October 2019, Volt Europa hosted its general assembly in Sofia to elect the new board of Volt Europa. While Volt up to that point had been an ASBL non-profit with only few registered members, based in Luxembourg, it was transformed into an international non-profit organization (AISBL) according to Belgian law.[26] In the AISBL structure all members of the Volt movement, as well as the national subsidiaries could become voting members. The statutes of Volt Europa lay out a general assembly, open to all members, which decides on important issues, and elects a gender-balanced board of nine directors.[27]
Volt's Spring 2020 general assembly was scheduled to take place in Lisbon, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the party held a digital general assembly, which included a decision on its programme until 2024.[28][29]
From 16 to 17 October 2021, Volt Europa hosted its General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal, the first physical General Assembly since 2019. During the 2021 General Assembly, Reinier van Lanschot who has been co-president since the General Assembly in Sofia 2019 was reelected. Francesca Romana D'Antuono from Italy was elected as co-president. Johannes Heinrich from Switzerland was elected as treasurer. The six non-executive board members elected were: Ines Consonni, Anouk Ooms, Lucia Nass, Thor Larholm, Charles Evain and Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro Kornexl.[citation needed]
2024 European Parliament election
On 27 November 2023, Volt adopted its joint European election programme during its General Assembly in Paris.[30] At a subsequent meeting in Brussels on 7 April 2024, the party elected Sophie in 't Veld and Damian Boeselager as its lead candidates for the 2024 European Parliament elections, also choosing a symbolic transnational list.[31]
Following the election, Volt increased its number of seats from 2 to 5, with 3 seats from Germany and 2 from the Netherlands. Volt announced that it would engage in negotiations with both the Greens/EFA and Renew Europe groups in the European Parliament and would let its members vote on which group to join. Upon a unanimous recommendation by its newly elected MEPs, 87% of voting party members chose to remain affiliated with the Greens/EFA group.[32][33]
"Volt" was chosen as a name due to its similarity to the initial name and the added meaning of figuratively bringing voltage into politics. Added to that, both the term "Volt" and the Latin version of the name of the European continent are understood in all European languages, hence as a transcontinental movement Volt Europa does not need to translate its own name, except for languages where non-Latin alphabets are used (like Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, and Ukraine).[36]
Ideology
In 2018, Volt identified "the 5+1 fundamental challenges", which it has identified as crucial for an improvement of the European Union:[37]
Global balance – Sustainable and responsible policies in farming and trade, measures to address climate change and refugee crises, and support for labour migration and development cooperation
On economic issues, Volt Europa supports digitisation, investment in the green and blue economy, measures to address poverty and inequality (including a European minimum income of at least 40% of the median wage), a more integrated European tax system with exclusively European taxes, and the use of public-private partnerships; it also supports increased spending on welfare, in particular related to education and healthcare.[37] Volt has supported a European Basic Income (EBI), based on a "negative tax system". In this model, individuals earning below a set threshold receive payments instead of paying taxes, providing a safety net and incentivizing work. Volt argues that the legal basis for an EBI is already established under Article 107 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and that its implementation would harmonize member states' welfare systems.
On social policy, Volt opposes sexism and racism and supports LGBT+ rights.
Volt also supports deep reforms to EU institutions, including common management of migration and border protection, a European army, and European debt and taxation.[38][39][37] It argues that a European army should be established and that the relationship between the EU and NATO should be reviewed and balanced.[40]
Volt supports the idea of a federal Europe with a strong European Parliament,[41][42] in order to create a united European voice on the global stage.[43] There should be a European government, elected and accountable to the parliament, instead of a European commission. The European election law should be uniform across all member states, the European parliament should gain the right to initiate laws, and the European Council should be transformed into a second chamber with regressive voting weights to balance the dominance of larger states. Volt supports a referendum across all member states, which legitimizes such a constitution for the set of agreeing member states to form a core union, even if not every member state agrees.[44]
In terms of environmental policy, Volt has committed to the 1.5°C (2.7°F) target of the Paris agreement. To implement the target, Volt proposes a broad certificate trading scheme, the proceeds of which should be redistributed to citizens. Volt supports investment into nuclear power for maintenance and new reactors if safety standards are met. A European energy grid is promoted to integrate production and distribution in the European single market.[45]
In 2024, Volt published the "Electoral Moonshot Programme", its electoral programme for the 2024 European elections, with comprehensive policy proposals organised in five pillars: Europe's geopolitical leadership, quality of life, humane migration, making votes count, and a liveable planet.[48] The program is available in 7 languages.[49]
Organisation and governance
The structure of Volt Europa is similar to parties in federal political systems, such as Germany. Volt Europa is registered as an international non-profit (AISBL), according to Belgian law. The membership of Volt Europa consists of both the local political branches, which are often incorporated according to national law, elect a local leadership, and often have further sub-levels, as well as all individual members. Individual members thus often have double membership of both Volt Europa and a national branch.[26]
The highest authority of the party is the General Assembly, which consists of all AISBL members and can pass motions on all matters relating to the organization. The General Assembly is open without a delegate system although some local branches use delegate systems (e.g. Volt Germany). A five-member intra-party legal board (Conflict Resolution Body) is elected by the General Assembly.[26]
All membership associations of Volt Europa send representatives to the Country Council, which formal role is restricted to deciding on the admission of new membership associations and political alliances on the European level. However, informally the Country Council plays an important role in advising and overseeing the work of the European Board.[26]
According to the party's financial accounts, it generates most of its income through membership fees and donations. National chapters provide 25% of their membership fees to Volt Europa to finance its operation. Volt claims to publish every donation exceeding €3,000 per donation or donor per year within 15 days from its receipt on the party's website and that its national and local chapters adhere to the same standard.[50] On 9 May 2021, Volt announced that they had raised €40,000 in three weeks in a fundraising drive ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election.[51]
Volt has received several large donations from firms in the housing and start-up sectors. Its biggest donors are Elastic founder Steven Schuurman with €500,000 via his Dreamery foundation, Marc Dreesmann, heir to Anton Dreesmann of Dutch clothing company Vroom & Dreesmann with around €160,000, and Christian Oldendorff, heir to German shipping firm Oldendorff Carriers with around €120,000. TomTom founder Peter-Frans Pauwels has donated €100,000. The NGO JoinPolitics has donated €50,000 to Volt Germany for a joint project ("Team Europa") to mobilize minority candidates for the European elections.[52][53][54]
Volt Albania (Albanian: Volt Shqipëri) is not registered as a party in Albania, but engages as a movement on the ground and participates at the European level of Volt.[55]
Volt Austria (German: Volt Österreich) is Volt's registered political party in Austria. The party planned to take part in the European elections in 2019,[56] but did not succeed in collecting the required 2,600 signatures in time to qualify for the ballot.[57] Since then, the party contested some local elections, but did not receive a mandate. It intended to partake in the 2024 European Elections and promised to give two of the people who signed tickets to a Taylor Swift concert, but was not proven effective as the party did not gain enough signatures.[58]
Francesca Romana D'Antuono, co-president since 2021
Volt Bulgaria participated in all three Bulgarian parliamentary elections in 2021, the first two as part of the anti-government coalition ISMV then under PP for the third election. ISMV won seats in both elections, but none of them were allocated to members of Volt.[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][62] PP won the November 2021 election and thus Volt gained two seats, which it defended in the election in October 2022. Nastimir Ananiev[63] served as the chair of the parliamentary committee of the Regional Committee, as well as deputy chair of the PP parliamentary group, while Ventsislava Lyubenova [64] served as chair of the foreign relations committee. In the 2024 Parliamentary Elections the party lost its mandate in parliament.
Volt Cyprus was founded on 3 December 2023. In November 2023, MP Alexandra Attalides announced her intention to join Volt and was subsequently elected co-president at the party's founding congress.[65] The party is fully active in the Cypriot political system and participates in local and European elections. In the 2024 European elections, the party gained 2.9% of the vote and thus did not win a seat.
Volt was founded 2019 and operated from 11 April 2021 to 28 June 2022 in the Czech Republic as the registered association Volt Česká republika, z.s,[66] with Karolina Machová and Adam Hanka as the chairs of the association and Jan Klátil as the treasurer.[67] Volt is now registered as political party Volt Česko.[68]
In the 2022 local elections in Prague, the party contested an election for the first time.[69] Volt received 4,816 votes (0.14%) and thus did not win a mandate.[70]
The Danish chapter of Volt, Volt Danmark, was founded on 21 July 2018.[71] The party contested an election for the first time in November 2021 with the municipal election in Frederiksberg.[72][73] Volt received 105 votes (0.2%) and thus did not win a mandate. The party needs 21,195 digital signatures to be eligible for national elections, as well as 70,680 to run in the 2024 European Elections.[74]
Finland
Volt Finland (Finnish: Volt Suomi) started collecting signatures in August 2023 to be officially registered as a party and to be able to stand in elections.[75]
Volt France was founded as the ninth national branch of Volt Europa, and has nine active branches, with "city teams" in Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Nantes, Nice, Paris, Rennes, and two cross-border branches in Ain-Geneva and Strasbourg-Kehl.
The party was unable to participate in the European Elections 2019 due to a lack of funding. In 2020, Volt France participated in municipal elections. The party ran in coalition with the Greens in Lille, where they received 24.5% in the first round, and lost in the second round with 39.4%;[76] as a coalition with "100% citoyens" in Lyon, receiving 3.4%[77] and 1.6%[78] in two districts; and alone in Paris' 9th district, receiving 0.5% in the first round.[79]
Volt Germany (German: Volt Deutschland) became a registered political party in Germany in 2018, allowing it to compete in German elections.[82] Volt Germany's basic programme is based upon a policies proposal, which is also fundamental for Volt Europa.[83] The German branch's initial focus was the five "challenges" of "an intelligent state, social equality, economic renaissance, politically active citizenship" and "global balance". It also seeks to implement an overarching policy of transnational EU reform in accordance with the programmes of both Volt Germany and Volt Europa.[83] Volt Germany's programme for the 2019 European elections 2019 was identical to that of all other European sections. It was adopted as the "Amsterdam Declaration" by all Volt sections in October 2018.[83]
In the 2019 European Election, Volt Germany received 248,824 votes, 0.7% of the total votes in Germany. As a result, Volt Germany's leading candidate Damian Boeselager won one of Germany's 96 seats in the European Parliament.[84][85]
Volt Germany has won individual seats on a number of city councils. In local elections occurring the same day as the European Elections in 2019, Volt received 1.2% of the votes for the election to the City Council in Mainz, winning 1 seat.[86] In Bavaria's 2020 local elections, the party won one seat each in Bamberg and Munich.[87][88] In Munich, Volt subsequently became part of the governing coalition with the Social Democrats.[89][90] Later that year, the party won seats on the city councils of Cologne, Bonn, Aachen, Siegen, Münster, Düsseldorf, and Paderborn. Volt was particularly strong in Cologne and Bonn, where it received around 5% of the votes, resulting in four and three seats, respectively.[91][92] The party also won seats in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Fulda, and Heusenstamm in the 2021 Hessian local elections.[93] The 6.5% vote share in Darmstadt, to win five of the 71 seats, was the party's best ever result in a German council.[94]
In the 2024 European Election, Volt Germany received 1,023,161 votes (2.6%), translating to three seats in the European Parliament. The MEPs elected were Damian Boeselager, Nela Riehl and Kai Tegethoff.[citation needed]
Volt Greece (Greek: Βολτ Ελλάδας) was founded in 2018.[95] In July 2022, the group elected its first executive secretariat and an ethics committee, which were tasked with preparing its establishment as a party.[96] On 4 October 2022, the party was officially registered, becoming the 18th registered party of Volt Europa.[97] In December 2022, Volt founded the new political alliance Green & Purple (ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟ & ΜΩΒ) together with the parties Ikologi Prasini, Pirate Party of Greece, Greens – Solidarity, Greek Party for the Animals and the ecofeminist movement Kyklos.[98] The party held its founding congress in Athens on 11 and 12 March 2023.[99] However, the Green & Purple alliance was barred from participating in the May 2023 legislative election by the Supreme Court of Greece due to its late submission of relevant forms.[100] In the June 2023 election, the alliance received 0.3% of the national vote.[101]
Ireland
Volt Ireland (Irish: Volt Éire) formed in the run-up to the 2019 European elections, but did not initially register as a party, holding meetings in various cities. In October 2021, the group launched an attempt to register as a party.[102] 300 signatures are required from Irish citizens and EU citizens living in the Republic of Ireland to do so.[103]
Volt Italy (Italian: Volt Italia) was founded on 18 July 2018. Daniela Patti and Guido Silvestri are party leaders and Pasquale Lisena is treasurer.[104]
The party was unable to take part in the 2019 European elections, failing to obtain the required 150,000 notarised supporter signatures.[105] Since then, the party has taken part in a number of regional and local elections, winning mandates in Mantua and Isernia, among other cities, where Federica Vinci, then chair of Volt Italy, was elected deputy mayor.[106]
In the Basilicata regional election in 2024, Volt's candidate, Eustachio Follia, gained 1.21%.[107]
Volt Kosovo (Albanian: Volt Kosova, Serbian: Волт Косово) is not registered as a party in Kosovo, but engages as a movement on the ground and participates at the European level of Volt.[108]
Volt Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Volt Lëtzebuerg, French: Volt Luxembourg, German: Volt Luxemburg) was founded in 2019 and received around 2% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament elections.[109] It did not repeat this result in the 2024 European Election, with the party gaining 1.04% of the votes, receiving no seats.
Volt Malta was officially registered as a political party in Malta in May 2021 and contested the 2022 elections for the national parliament, with two candidates covering four districts.[110]
Volt Netherlands is Volt's registered political party in the Netherlands and was founded on 23 June 2018 in Utrecht.[111] The party received 2.42% of the vote in the 2021 general election, taking three seats in the Dutch House of Representatives. It has since then lost 1 seat due to the removal of Nilüfer Gündogan from the party due to reports of reckless and abusive behavior.[112]
In October 2019, Volt Portugal submitted more than the 9,000 signatures needed to register as a political party.[116] After multiple delays, the Constitutional Court approved Volt Portugal as the country's 25th party in June 2020.[117] Volt Portugal initially planned to contest regional elections on the Azores in Autumn 2020, but was unable to do so due to a slow registration process, which did not allow enough time to recruit candidates.[118][119]
In the September 2021 local elections, the party contested in Lisbon (0.58%), Porto (0.42%), Tomar (1.36%), Coimbra (coalition 43.92%) and Oeiras (coalition 7.57%), winning a mandate in Coimbra.[120] Independent MEP Francisco Guerreiro supported the party in the local elections and announced he would join the party after his mandate expired.[121]
In the January 2022 general election, Volt Portugal contested a national election for the first time, running in 18 of 20 districts.[122] The party received 0.1% of the vote and did not win any seats.[123]
Volt Romania (Romanian: Volt România) is Volt's registered political party in Romania. It was registered in February 2021, the 15th registered national party of Volt Europa.[124] The group has been active in the country since 2017, participating in initiatives against attacks on the rule of law and mobilising the diaspora to participate in the elections.[125]
The chairs of Volt Slovakia (Slovak: Volt Slovensko) are Lucia Kleštincová and Rick Zedník.[126][127] The party is due to hold its founding party conference on 3 February 2024. It has more female than male members.[128]
Volt Spain (Spanish: Volt España) was officially registered as a party in Spain on 15 June 2018 as the third national section. The party won 32,291 votes in the 2019 European Parliament election.[129] In May, the party contested the local elections in Madrid for the first time since the European elections, but failed to win a mandate.[130] During the elections, a representative of the right-wing populist Vox warned against confusion with his own party, as the placement of the ballot papers next to each other was, according to him, intended to cause confusion.[131] Volt's average age in Spain is below 35, and its chairs are Rachele Arciulo and Cristian Castrillón.[132]
Volt Sweden (Swedish: Volt Sverige) is Volt's registered political party in Sweden. Michael Holz and Alexander Löf are party leaders and Erik Andrén is treasurer. The party campaigned for the 2019 European Parliament elections, but as a write-in party without its own ballot papers, relying on voters to write the party's name on blank ballot papers. Volt Sverige received 146 votes in this way.[133]
In early November 2021, the Ljusnarsberg branch of Liberalerna (The Liberals) announced its intention to become an association and run for Volt in the local elections. The party's local elected representative joined Volt, becoming the first and only Volt representative in Sweden.[134][135]
The party participated in the 2022 Swedish general election and received 89 votes.[136] It received 388 votes in the 2024 European Election, not enough to win a seat.[137]
Switzerland
Volt Switzerland was founded on 9 October 2019.[138] There are teams in Geneva, Zurich, Basel, Bern and Lugano.[139] In February 2020, Volt participated in the Unity Committee for the Free Movement of Persons. It is intended to address concerns of foreigners and Swiss with a migration background to achieve greater participation in Swiss public life and was also directed against the citizens' initiative "For moderate immigration (limitation initiative)".[140]
In the municipal elections in Zurich in February 2022, Volt stood for the first time in an election in Switzerland and fielded candidates in 2 out of 9 constituencies.[141][142] In constituency 7+8 the party achieved 0.24%, in constituency 10 0.34%, which means that it did not win a mandate.[143][144]
The party is part of the Swiss Europe Initiative, which calls for the Parliament and the Federal Council to start negotiations with the EU on institutional issues and cooperation.[145]
Volt Ukraine (Ukrainian: Вольт Україна, romanized:Volʹt Ukrayina) was founded in July 2022.[146] Its founder and chairman is Mykhaylo Pobigay, a war veteran and the head of the non-profit organisation Land of The Free. Volt Ukraine advocates for Ukraine to join the EU, as well as more military support and a European orientation for Ukraine. Members of Volt Ukraine also help support refugees and arrange accommodation in Europe.[147]
In addition, Andrea Venzon, co-founder of Volt, ran in the constituency of London. As Volt had not managed to register as a political party in the United Kingdom, Venzon ran as an independent candidate, although outwardly under the Volt banner.[167][168]
In France (unable to raise €800,000 in funding to meet legal requirement to print its own ballot papers[169][non-primary source needed]), Italy (failed to collect 150,000 signatures[170]), Austria (failed to collect 2,600 signatures[171]), Portugal (failed to collect 7,500 signatures[172]), and Denmark (failed to collect a number of voter declarations corresponding to at least 2% of all valid votes at the last general election), Volt had intended to participate in the European Parliament elections but was unable to meet local requirements in time.[173]
↑ Votes cast for the Volt candidate Nastimir Ananiev
↑ Preferential votes for the 6 candidates Volt ran in the Czech Republic
↑ Contains more votes than just those for Volt candidates, as Volt ran on a joint list and Frances complete election results are yet to be published (as of 17 June 2024)
↑ Preferential votes for the three candidates Volt ran in Greece
↑ Results in the Nord-Est electoral district.[194]
↑ preferential votes for the 2 candidates Volt ran in Italy
↑ Total votes excludes France, as France has not yet published preferential votes per candidate and Volt ran on a joint list
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↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
↑ Kaiser, Julia (12 June 2024). "Is pan-European party Volt the future of EU politics?". The Parliament Magazine. Boeselager was first elected to the EP in 2019 as Volt's first and – for a long time – only MEP. [...] The centrist party that he co-founded in 2017 was created to build "a counter-model to these right-wing populists who always say that we should go back to the nation state."
↑ van de Poll, Victor (19 March 2021). "Why Volt Won in the Netherlands, a Lesson for Changemakers". iGlobe News. Retrieved 31 March 2024. [...] the show horse being a full-throated endorsement of nuclear energy. Rather than Euro-Federalism, the nuclear energy stance took center stage in the Volt campaign, and it gave the party a sense of progressive realism among the Dutch electorate. Volt's key thesis: If mainstream progressive parties think we can reach Paris without nuclear, then who are the idealists and who are the realists?
↑ "Le persone candidate per Volt"[People nominated for Volt Italy]. www.voltitalia.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
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