Trans man

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Kye Allums, the first openly transgender NCAA Division I college athlete. Kye Allums.jpg
Kye Allums, the first openly transgender NCAA Division I college athlete.

A trans man (short for transgender man) is a man who was assigned female at birth. Trans men have a male gender identity, and many trans men undergo medical and social transition to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates gender dysphoria. [1]

Contents

Terminology

Brian Michael Smith, award-winning actor BrianMichaelGLAAD18.jpg
Brian Michael Smith, award-winning actor
Elliot Page, Canadian actor and producer. Elliot Page 2021.png
Elliot Page, Canadian actor and producer.
Elliot Fletcher, American actor. Elliot Fletcher.jpg
Elliot Fletcher, American actor.
Thomas Beatie, an American public speaker, author, and advocate for transgender reproductive rights. Thomas Beatie pa Stockholm Pride 2011.JPG
Thomas Beatie, an American public speaker, author, and advocate for transgender reproductive rights.

The umbrella term trans [lower-alpha 1] is a shortening of both transgender and transsexual , and describes anyone whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex. Trans men who transition are commonly referred to as female-to-male (FTM or F2M). [2]

The term transsexual originated in the medical and psychological communities, and is generally considered a subset of transgender , although the two are not always interchangeable. It predominantly describes people with medically diagnosed gender dysphoria, and who desire to permanently transition to the opposite sex via sex reassignment therapy. Many trans people prefer the labels transgender or trans, considering them more inclusive and less stigmatizing. [3] [4] However, others, such as Buck Angel, reject the label of transgender. [5] [6] The GLAAD media reference guide advises against describing people as transsexual, except for individuals who explicitly identify as such. [7]

Transmasculine (sometimes clipped to transmasc ) is a broader term for all trans individuals with predominantly masculine identities or gender expression, and includes trans men as well as non-binary people who were assigned female at birth and may have an identity that is partially masculine but not entirely male. [8] [9]

The alternate spelling transman is sometimes used interchangeably. However, like transwoman , it is often associated with trans-exclusionary views which hold that trans men are distinct from men, and thus require a separate word to describe them. [10] For this reason many transgender people find the spelling offensive. [10]

Transitioning

Buck Angel, an American actor, producer, and sex educator Buck Angel Headshot.jpg
Buck Angel, an American actor, producer, and sex educator
Ian Harvie, an American comedian and openly transgender man. The Dork Forest at Meltdown Comics, 29 November 2011(2).jpg
Ian Harvie, an American comedian and openly transgender man.

Originally, the term trans men referred specifically to female-to-male transsexual people who underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or sex reassignment surgery (SRS), or both. The definition of transition has broadened to include theories of psychological development or complementary methods of self-acceptance. [11] [12] Many of those who identify as transgender face gender dysphoria.

Transsexual and transgender men may seek medical interventions such as hormones and surgery to make their bodies as congruent as possible with their gender presentation. However, many transgender and transsexual men cannot afford or choose not to undergo surgery or hormone replacement therapy.

Many who have not undergone top surgery choose to bind their breasts. There are a few different methods of binding, including using sports bras and specially made binders (which can be vest-type, or wrap-around style). Tape or bandages are often depicted in popular culture.

Some trans men might also decide to pack, to create a phallic bulge in the crotch of clothing. However, this is not universal. Trans men who decide to pack may use anything from rolled up socks to specially made packers, which resemble a penis. Some packers are also created for trans men to be able to urinate through them (stand-to-pee, or STP, devices), or for sexual penetration or other sexual activity (known as "pack-and-play").

Transitioning might involve some or all of the following steps: [13] [ better source needed ]

Being socially accepted as male (sometimes known as passing) may be challenging for trans men who have not undergone HRT and/or surgery. [15] [16] Some trans men may choose to present as female in certain social situations (e.g. at work). [15] [16] After physical transition, trans men usually live full-time as male. [15] [16] However, some transmasculine individuals might choose to use and engage their bodies to be pregnant, birth a baby, and breastfeed. [17] [18]

Prevalence, identity and relationships

In the United States, the ratio of trans men within the general population is unclear, but estimates range between 1:2,000 and 1:100,000. [19] [ better source needed ] [20] [21] [ better source needed ] A U.S. Census Bureau study in 2015 suggests that there were around 58,000 name changes in census records consistent with female to male transitions although only 7,500 of these changed their sex coding as well. [22] [ failed verification ]

In a study by Kara Devaney, entitled Transgender Research Literature Review, it is addressed that the term transgender encompasses a myriad of different and unique identities that do not follow the "normal" rules of gender. [ citation needed ]Miriam J. Abelson writes, "There is no question that trans men's experiences are men's experiences and give insight about men, masculinity, and gender inequality." [23]

Like cisgender men, trans men can have any sexual orientation or sexual identity, including heterosexual, gay, bisexual, and queer, [24] and some trans men consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them. [25] The literature commonly indicates that sexual attraction to those of their same gender (e.g., trans men liking men and trans women liking women) is considerably less common among trans men than among trans women; the majority of trans men are reported as heterosexual. [26] [27] Surveys from the National Center for Transgender Equality show more variation in sexual orientation or sexual identity among trans men. In NCTE's 2015 Transgender Survey of respondents who identified as trans men, 23% identified as heterosexual or straight. The majority (65%) identified their sexual orientation or sexual identity as queer (24%), pansexual (17%), bisexual (12%), or gay/same-gender loving (12%). [28]

Some trans men date heterosexual women, while other trans men date queer women; the latter might be because queer women are less invested in the gender and sexual anatomy of a person when it comes to selecting an intimate partner. [27] It is also common for trans men to have histories with the lesbian community or to feel that they identify better with that community because of its wide acceptance of gender variance, with a number of trans men having previously identified as lesbian (often as a "butch lesbian") before realizing that they are instead transgender. [26] [27] [29]

Trans men have less success integrating socially within cisgender gay men's communities, which tend to be more body-focused, especially in terms of being phallocentric. [27] [30] [31] Yitzchak et al. state that, as a result, they more commonly see gay trans men partnering with each other than with cisgender gay men. [27] There are, however, cases of women being likelier than men to thoroughly question trans men about their motivations for modifying their bodies. [30]

Some scholars argue against assumptions that trans men are predominantly heterosexual and usually have lesbian histories. In scholars Dan Irving and Rupert Raj's book Trans Activism in Canada, researchers state, "There is still a common misperception that trans men are largely heterosexual amongst those who conflate gender identity and sexual orientation. It is frequently assumed that trans men are exclusively attracted to women and have lesbian histories prior to transition." They add, "Recent data from the Trans PULSE project (Bauer, Redman, Bradley, & Scheim, 2013) challenge this assumption, with 63 percent of female-to-male spectrum trans people in Ontario reporting non-heterosexual identities and/or past-year sex with trans or non-trans men." They also argue that, based on some research, "many non-trans gay men have welcomed trans men into gay communities and have increasingly recognized trans men as potential sexual and romantic partners." [32]

Chaz Bono, musician, writer and actor, whose parents are Cher and Sonny Bono. Chaz Bono by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Chaz Bono, musician, writer and actor, whose parents are Cher and Sonny Bono.

Health

Trans men and transmasculine people often face difficulty and discrimination receiving medical treatment, due to both bias against assigned-female patients and against transgender people. In the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 42% of 8,037 trans men reported negative experiences with healthcare providers. [28] There is a lack of credible research about how to provide adequate healthcare to transmasculine people undergoing medical transition, notably with doctors having difficulty diagnosing breast cancer in people who have undergone top surgery. [33] HIV infection between trans men and others is still increasing. [34]

Reproductive health

Trans men with an intact female reproductive system may become pregnant. [35] : 1  [36] According to surveys compiled by Medicare for Australia, 75 male-identifying parents gave birth in Australia in 2016, and 40 in 2017. [37] Although testosterone therapy eventually induces amenorrhea in most trans men, trans men with uteri are still at risk of pregnancy even if they no longer have periods. Additionally, trans men are likely to live in poverty and have inadequate access to healthcare, so many do not have access to the contraceptives they may want or need. Trans men can use barrier methods, oral contraceptives, IUDs, and other methods of contraception while taking testosterone. [38]

Trans men must discontinue testosterone while attempting to conceive, while pregnant, and while breastfeeding, because high levels of testosterone during pregnancy can cause fetal abnormalities, specifically with the urogenital system of a female fetus. [38]

Trans men experience issues during pregnancy not experienced by pregnant women. For example, trans men may experience discrimination on the base of their gender while receiving obstetric care. Many providers are unfamiliar with the needs of transgender patients. Additionally, some men report that being pregnant made their gender dysphoria worse. [39]

Trans men in sports

Despite the 2020s restrictions on transgender children and adults participation in athletics, trans boys and men have competed in many individual and team sports at high school, college, and professional levels. Early known examples of trans men who competed at international levels were often competitors in women's championships, and came out as trans men later in life. They include Zdeněk Koubek, a Czech national champion and medal winner at the 1934 World Women's Athletic games in track; [40] Willy De Bruyn, a Belgian cyclist who became unofficial women's world champion in 1934, born intersex and raised as a girl but later identified as a man; [41] and French sprinter Pierre Brésolles, who ran the  100 metre and 200 metre races and won third place in the 100 meter dash in the Oslo European Championship in 1946. [42] [43] Later Olympic athletes include Andreas Krieger (b. 1965), a German former shot putter who competed on the women's East German athletics team at SC Dynamo Berlin, [44] and Ricardo del Real, a Mexican taekwando competitor in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

More recently, Chris Mosier, a duathlon and triathlon competitor on the US National team in duathlon, successfully challenged the International Olympic Committee former policy that required surgery before transgender athletes could compete. [45] [46] [47] Mosier's challenge led to the creation and adoption of new IOC guidelines for the participation of transgender athletes and in World Championships. [48] Mosier was considered the catalyst for change in the policy in January 2016, [49] after he successfully advocated for change in the policy [50] Another Olympic team athlete, former member of Japan's Olympic fencing team Fumino Sugiyama, is now a transgender rights activist and works to promote acceptance and participation of trans athletes in Japanese sports. [51]

Track and field athletes include retired German pole vaulter Balian Buschbaum [52] and American NCAA college athlete Keelin Godsey (hammer throw). [53] Competitive athletes in individual sports include American professional boxer Patricio Manuel, and Japanese former professional boxer Shindo Go, who held the World Boxing Council women's flyweight title from 2013 to 2014; NCAA swimmer Schuyler Bailar, and high school state wrestling champion Mack Beggs, who won the Texas state girls' wrestling title in 2017 despite efforts to bar him from participating. (State rules required him to compete according to sex assigned at birth. [54] )

In basketball, noted trans men include Jay Mulucha, an LGBTQI activist and Ugandan basketball player with the Magic Stormers in the Federation of Uganda Basketball League (FUBA), and American basketball player Kye Allums, the first openly transgender NCAA Division I college athlete. [55] Harrison Browne was the first openly transgender athlete in professional American hockey, coming out in 2016 and transitioning medically after his retirement from professional sports in 2018. [56] Kumi Yokoyama is a Japanese footballer who plays as a forward for Okayama Yunogo Belle and the Japan women's national team. [57] [58] Quince Mountain was the first transgender dog musher to compete in the Iditarod dogsledding race in 2020. [59]

Discrimination

Transgender men can face discrimination as a result of their status as trans men. Such discrimination may include sexual violence. [60]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ occasionally spelled trans* , using the asterisk (*) as a wildcard character

Related Research Articles

Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth. The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.

The word cisgender describes a person whose gender identity corresponds to their sex assigned at birth, i.e., someone who is not transgender. The prefix cis- is Latin and means on this side of. The term cisgender was coined in 1994 as an antonym to transgender, and entered into dictionaries starting in 2015 as a result of changes in social discourse about gender. The term has been and continues to be controversial and subject to critique.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transphobia</span> Anti-transgender prejudice

Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender roles. Transphobia is a type of prejudice and discrimination, similar to racism, sexism, or ableism, and it is closely associated with homophobia. People of color who are transgender experience discrimination above and beyond that which can be explained as a simple combination of transphobia and racism.

Gender-affirming surgery is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender. The phrase is most often associated with transgender health care and intersex medical interventions, although many such treatments are also pursued by cisgender and non-intersex individuals. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery, gender confirmation surgery, and several other names.

Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. Gender expression typically reflects a person's gender identity, but this is not always the case. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity. The term gender identity was coined by psychiatry professor Robert J. Stoller in 1964 and popularized by psychologist John Money.

Heteronormativity is the concept that heterosexuality is the preferred or normal sexual orientation. It assumes the gender binary and that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of opposite sex.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to transgender topics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attraction to transgender people</span> Romantic or sexual attraction to transgender people

Sexual attraction to transgender people has been the subject of scientific study and social commentary. Psychologists have researched sexual attraction toward trans women, trans men, cross dressers, non-binary people, and a combination of these. Publications in the field of transgender studies have investigated the attraction transgender individuals can feel for each other. The people who feel this attraction to transgender people name their attraction in different ways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Androphilia and gynephilia</span> Sexual orientation to men or women

Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation, as an alternative to a gender binary homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to men and/or masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to women and/or femininity. Ambiphilia describes the combination of both androphilia and gynephilia in a given individual, or bisexuality.

The American-Canadian sexologist Ray Blanchard proposed a psychological typology of gender dysphoria, transsexualism, and fetishistic transvestism in a series of academic papers through the 1980s and 1990s. Building on the work of earlier researchers, including his colleague Kurt Freund, Blanchard categorized trans women into two groups: homosexual transsexuals who are attracted exclusively to men and are feminine in both behavior and appearance; and autogynephilic transsexuals who experience sexual arousal at the idea of having a female body. Blanchard and his supporters argue that the typology explains differences between the two groups in childhood gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, history of sexual fetishism, and age of transition.

Gender incongruence is the state of having a gender identity that does not correspond to one's sex assigned at birth. This is experienced by people who identify as transgender or transsexual, and often results in gender dysphoria. The causes of gender incongruence have been studied for decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender sexuality</span> Sexuality of transgender people

Sexuality in transgender individuals encompasses all the issues of sexuality of other groups, including establishing a sexual identity, learning to deal with one's sexual needs, and finding a partner, but may be complicated by issues of gender dysphoria, side effects of surgery, physiological and emotional effects of hormone replacement therapy, psychological aspects of expressing sexuality after medical transition, or social aspects of expressing their gender.

Mak Nyah, alternatively spelled maknyah, is a Malay vernacular term for trans women in Malaysia. It arose in the late 1980s in order to distinguish trans women from other minorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender</span> Gender identity other than sex assigned at birth

A transgender person is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as transsexual. Transgender can function as an umbrella term; in addition to including binary trans men and trans women, it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer. Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender, conceptualize transgender people as a third gender, or conflate the two concepts. The term may also include cross-dressers or drag kings and drag queens in some contexts. The term transgender does not have a universally accepted definition, including among researchers.

Various issues in medicine relate to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA), besides HIV/AIDS, issues related to LGBT health include breast and cervical cancer, hepatitis, mental health, substance use disorders, alcohol use, tobacco use, depression, access to care for transgender persons, issues surrounding marriage and family recognition, conversion therapy, refusal clause legislation, and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lou Sullivan</span> American author and transgender activist

Louis Graydon Sullivan was an American author and activist known for his work on behalf of trans men. He was perhaps the first transgender man to publicly identify as gay, and is largely responsible for the modern understanding of sexual orientation and gender identity as distinct, unrelated concepts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transsexual</span> People experiencing a gender identity inconsistent with their assigned sex

A transsexual person is someone who experiences a gender identity that is inconsistent with their assigned sex, and desires to permanently transition to the sex or gender with which they identify, usually seeking medical assistance to help them align their body with their identified sex or gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans woman</span> Woman assigned male at birth

Transgender women are women who were assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of LGBTQ topics</span>

The following outline offers an overview and guide to LGBTQ topics:

Discrimination against transgender men and transmasculine individuals is sometimes referred to as transandrophobia, anti-transmasculinity, or transmisandry.

References

  1. ↑ Bariola, Emily; Lyons, Anthony; Leonard, William; Pitts, Marian; Badcock, Paul; Couch, Murray (October 2015). "Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Psychological Distress and Resilience Among Transgender Individuals". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (10): 2108–2116. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302763. ISSN   0090-0036. PMC   4566567 . PMID   26270284.
  2. ↑ Swann, William B.; Gómez, Ángel; Vázquez, Alexandra; Guillamón, Antonio; Segovia, Santiago; Carillo, Beatriz (10 February 2015). "Fusion with the Cross-Gender Group Predicts Genital Sex Reassignment Surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44 (5): 1313–1318. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0470-4. PMID   25666854. S2CID   3261825.
  3. ↑ Polly, Ryan; Nicole, Julie (March 2011). "Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice". Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal . 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID   21317698. S2CID   2481961. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history.
  4. ↑ A Swenson, Medical Care of the Transgender Patient, in Family Medicine (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."
  5. ↑ "Transsexualism". Gender Centre. March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016. Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.
  6. ↑ @BuckAngel (9 April 2019). "Transsexual is my identity and where I came from. [...] Transgender does not represent me" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  7. ↑ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender Terms". GLAAD . 22 February 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  8. ↑ MacDonald, Trevor; Noel-Weiss, Joy; West, Diana; Walks, Michelle; Biener, MaryLynne; Kibbe, Alanna; Myler, Elizabeth (16 May 2016). "Transmasculine individuals' experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16 (1): 106. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y . PMC   4867534 . PMID   27183978.
  9. ↑ "Definition of transmasculine". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  10. 1 2 German Lopez, Why you should always use "transgender" instead of "transgendered" , Vox, February 18, 2015
  11. ↑ "Hudson's Guide: FTM Basics: Terminology". Hudson's FTM Resource Guide. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  12. ↑ "Glossary of Terms and Usage". Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "What is transition?". FTM Australia. 14 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
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  15. 1 2 3 4 Lev, Arlene Istar (2004). Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-Variant People and their Families. The Haworth Clinical Practice Press. ISBN   978-0-7890-2117-5. OCLC   51342468.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Eno, Amanda S. (21 June 2013). "The Misconception of Sex in Title VII: Federal Courts Reevaluate Transsexual Employment Discrimination Claims". Tulsa Law Review. 43 (3): 765–792. ISSN   1942-986X.
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  20. ↑ Herman, Joanne (12 May 2006). "There are more of us than you think". The Advocate (LGBT magazine) . Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  21. ↑ Rohde, Maggi (1996). "FAQ - Transgenderism". The Alliance of Les-Bi-Gay-Transgender and Straight Ally Students, Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
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  24. ↑ Bockting, Walter; Benner, Autumn; Coleman, Eli (28 March 2009). "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (5): 688–701. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3. PMID   19330439. S2CID   27207925.
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  30. 1 2 Schilt, Kristen (2010). Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 153. ISBN   978-0-226-73807-9. OCLC   587209584 . Retrieved 10 January 2016.
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  35. ↑ Frank, S. E.; Dellaria, Jac (25 July 2020). "Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation". The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 69–76. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_7 . ISBN   978-981-15-0613-0. PMID   33347161.
  36. ↑ Obedin-Maliver, Juno; Makadon, Harvey J (28 October 2015). "Transgender men and pregnancy". Obstetric Medicine. 9 (1): 4–8. doi:10.1177/1753495X15612658. ISSN   1753-495X. PMC   4790470 . PMID   27030799.
  37. ↑ Hattenstone, Simon (20 April 2019). "The dad who gave birth: 'Being pregnant doesn't change me being a trans man'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  38. 1 2 Thornton, Kimberly G.S.; Mattatall, Fiona (23 August 2021). "Pregnancy in Transgender Men". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 193 (33): E1303. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.210013 . PMC   8412429 . PMID   34426447.
  39. ↑ Light, Alexis D.; Obedin-Maliver, Juno; Sevelius, Jae M.; Kerns, Jennifer L. (2014). "Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 124 (6): 1120–1127. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000540. PMID   25415163. S2CID   36023275.
  40. ↑ Zdena/Zdeněk Koubková/Koubek. encyklopedie.brna.cz
  41. ↑ Meyerowitz, Joanne J. (2009). How Sex Changed. Harvard University Press. p. 33. ISBN   9780674040960.
  42. ↑ Foerster, Maxime (2006). Histoire des transsexuels en France. Béziers: H&O.
  43. ↑ "BRESOLES Pierre" . Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  44. ↑ Andreas Krieger: Heidi's Farthest Throw , retrieved 16 August 2021[ dead YouTube link ]
  45. ↑ "Trans triathlete Chris Mosier may be barred from competing at World Championships". Outsports. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  46. ↑ "Olympic News - Official Source of Olympic News". Olympic.org. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
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