Taxis of the United Kingdom

Last updated

Taxicab rank with "black cabs" outside Liverpool Lime Street railway station Cab rank.JPG
Taxicab rank with "black cabs" outside Liverpool Lime Street railway station

Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. An official report observed that: "Little however is known about the regulation by anyone outside the trade. The Public Carriage Office (PCO), which regulates and licenses taxis and private hire (commonly known as minicabs) was transferred from the Metropolitan Police to become part of Transport for London in 2000." [1] In 2015, there were around 298,000 licensed drivers in England, of which 164,000 were private hire licences, 62,000 were taxi licences and 72,000 were dual licences. [2]

Contents

Types of cab

Hackney carriages

Only licensed hackney carriages can pick up passengers on the street and without pre-booking. London's traditional black cabs (so-called, despite now being of various colours and advertising designs) are specially constructed vehicles designed to conform to the standards set out in the Conditions of Fitness. London taxi drivers are licensed and must have passed an extensive training course (the Knowledge). Unlike many other cities, the number of taxicab drivers in London is not limited. For many years purpose-designed vehicles were used, but from about 2008 specially adapted "people carrier" vehicles have also been used.

There have been many models over the years. [3] The space beside the driver's seat can be used for luggage, although there is much luggage room in the passenger compartment. For improved manoeuvrability, the turning circle is smaller than other vehicles of similar size (a black cab is said to be able to "turn on a sixpence"). The cab seats three people on the back seat, and two more in backwards-facing "jump seats". There is good headroom, to facilitate entry to and exit from the vehicle. A ramp for access by disabled people is fitted.

Private hire (minicabs)

"Minicab" redirects here. For the Kei truck, see Mitsubishi Minicab.See also: Private hire
A Ford Mondeo UK private minicab with company name and telephone number on each side Minicab.JPG
A Ford Mondeo UK private minicab with company name and telephone number on each side

In London the term minicab is used to refer to a private hire car and "private hire" is used in the rest of the United Kingdom; that is a car with a driver available for hire only on a pre-booked basis. They began operating in the 1960s in competition with hackney carriages after a loophole in the law was spotted (although in some areas it is possible to hold a dual hackney/private hire licence). A minicab must be booked, for example, by telephone, internet, or fax, or in person at the registered minicab office. A minicab can be booked at the time it is required, but only at the office of a company registered to accept bookings rather than directly with a driver.

Since 2001 minicabs have been subject to regulation in London and most other local authorities. London minicabs are now licensed by TFL (London Taxis and Private Hire), or TFLTPH, formerly known as the Public Carriage Office. This is the same body that now regulates London's licensed taxicabs, but minicab drivers do not have to complete The Knowledge, and although they must undergo a small "topographical test" in order to obtain a Private Hire Driver's Licence, they generally rely on satnavs or local knowledge to take them to the pick up and destination. All vehicles available for pre-booking by London minicab drivers must hold a private hire vehicle (PHV) licence showing that the vehicles are fit for purpose; this is updated with MOT tests twice a year after an inspection at a licensed garage. In London, new applicants must send their Topographical Test Certificate along with their application to the PH Driver Licensing Section of the TFLTPH. [4]

London

A LTI TX4 black cab at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 A TX4 Taxi at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5.jpg
A LTI TX4 black cab at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5

Greater London, a metropolitan area with a population of about 8 million, has no grid plan laying out streets either parallel or at right angles to each other; thus the streets of London follow complex patterns. [5]

History

Horse-drawn hackney carriages began providing taxicab service in the early 17th century. In 1636 the number of carriages was set at 50, an early example of taxicab regulation. In the same year, the owner of four hackney carriages established the first taxicab stand in The Strand. After 1662 hackneys were regulated by the Commissioners of Scotland Yard. [6] In the early 19th century cabriolets (cabs for short) replaced the heavier and more cumbersome hackney carriages. Battery-operated taxis appeared briefly at the end of the 19th century, but the modern taxicab service took off with the appearance of petrol-powered taxis in 1903. In 1907 meters were first introduced to calculate the fare and were set at 8d (8 pence) for the first mile.

Today, taxicab service in London is regulated by Transport for London's strict Conditions of Fitness, mandating size, turning radius, age, and emissions, resulting in unique vehicles built primarily for the London market such as the LEVC and the Mercedes Vito seen today. [7] [8]

The Knowledge of London

The London taxicab driver is required to be able to decide routes immediately in response to a passenger's request or traffic conditions, rather than stopping to look at a map, relying on satellite navigation or asking a controller by radio. Consequently, the "Knowledge of London" is the in-depth study of a number of pre-set London street routes and all places of interest that taxicab drivers in that city must complete to obtain a licence to operate a black cab. It was initiated in 1865, and has changed little since.

It is the world's most demanding training course for taxicab drivers, and applicants will usually need to pass at least twelve "appearances" (periodical one-on-one oral examinations undertaken throughout the qualification process), with the whole process averaging 34 months (almost 3 years) to pass. [9] [10]

Course details

Three hundred and twenty standard routes through central London, or "runs", are defined in the Guide to Learning the Knowledge of London, which is produced by the Public Carriage Office. In all, some 25,000 streets within a six-mile radius of Charing Cross are covered, along with the major arterial routes through the rest of London.

A taxicab-driver must learn these routes, as well as the "points of interest" along and within 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) of each end of those routes including streets, squares, clubs, hospitals, hotels, theatres, embassies, government and public buildings, railway stations, police stations, courts, diplomatic buildings, important places of worship, cemeteries, crematoria, parks and open spaces, sports and leisure centres, places of learning, restaurants and historic buildings.

The Knowledge includes details such as the order of theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, and the names and order of the side streets and traffic signals passed on a route.

There are a number of Knowledge Schools that provide books, maps and classroom tuition which help Knowledge students to learn the 320 runs and points of interest. [11] There are separate, shorter courses for suburban London, with 30 to 50 runs, depending on the sector. [12]

"Knowledge boys/girls"

"Knowledge boy" on a Honda Innova ANF125. Knowledge boy 143.jpg
"Knowledge boy" on a Honda Innova ANF125.

During training, would-be cabbies, known as Knowledge boys or Knowledge girls, usually follow these routes around London on a motor scooter, and can be identified by the clipboard fixed to the handlebars and showing details of the streets to be learned that day.

Taxi-driver applicants must be 'of good character', meeting strict requirements regarding any criminal record, [13] then first pass a written test which qualifies them to make an "appearance". At appearances, Knowledge boys and girls must, without looking at a map, identify the two points of interest in metropolitan London that their examiner chooses and then choose the shortest and most sensible route from one to the other. For each route, the applicants must recite the names of the roads used, when they cross junctions, use roundabouts, make turns, and what is 'alongside' them at each point. [14]

Academic research

Knowledge boys/girls and their online learning communities have been the subject of academic research, including a PhD dissertation by Drew Ross at Oxford University. [15]

There is evidence that training for the Knowledge can measurably alter the hippocampus of trainee cab drivers. The hippocampus is the area of the brain used for spatial memory and navigation, and is generally larger in taxi drivers than in the general population. [16] [17] [18]

Film and literature

A humorous 1979 television film about this learning experience, called The Knowledge , was written by Jack Rosenthal for Euston Films, [19] and was in 2000 voted number 83 in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute.

In the Up Series documentary films, Tony Walker is seen on his motor scooter learning "The Knowledge" before becoming a cab driver. Later, his wife Debbie joins him after qualifying herself.

In the Chas—The Knowledge miniseries, which was a spin-off from the comic book Hellblazer , Chas Chandler's job as a taxi driver is the basis for various plot elements of the series.

The Knowledge, its runs, and to a certain extent the role of the PCO, form the basis for a future religion in Will Self's The Book of Dave . [20]

TfL Taxi and Private Hire office

Taxis and private hire driver licences in London from 2010 to 2022 Cabs in London.png
Taxis and private hire driver licences in London from 2010 to 2022

The Taxi and Private Hire office is the body responsible for licensing taxicabs within Greater London. Taxi and Private Hire is part of Transport for London and is responsible for licensing the familiar London taxicab or "black cab" and also licenses private hire or minicab services. "Black cabs" were traditionally coloured black, but this is not a requirement and cabs are painted in other colours, sometimes bearing advertising; however they are traditionally called black cabs to distinguish them from minicabs.

History

Cabs gathered around the Public Carriage Office's home from 1850 to 1919 (right), located beside the original Scotland Yard (left, with clock). PublicCarriageOffice.jpg
Cabs gathered around the Public Carriage Office's home from 1850 to 1919 (right), located beside the original Scotland Yard (left, with clock).

Since 1600 public carriages for hire have been a feature of London life. The discarded coaches of aristocratic families, complete with their coat of arms, were among the first hackney carriages to ply for hire. They were the forerunners of the French hackney carriage or cab (cabriolet) which first appeared in London around 1820.

The first horseless cab, the Bersey electric-powered vehicle, appeared in 1897, followed by the first internal combustion engine cab in 1903. At that time London still had more than 11,000 horse-drawn cabs.[ citation needed ] The last horse-drawn cab was removed from service in 1947.[ citation needed ] As of July 2019, there are over 21,000 licensed vehicles on London's roads. [21]

Regulation of the trade passed to the Registrar of Metropolitan Public Carriages (better known as the Public Carriage Office), formed by the Hackney Carriages, Metropolis Act 1838 and transferred to the Metropolitan Police in 1850. It was originally based in a small building called "the Bungalow"[ citation needed ] near the original site of Scotland Yard at the north end of Whitehall, remaining there even when the Yard moved to the Norman Shaw Buildings in 1890. It moved to 109 Lambeth Road in 1919, remaining there until 1966, when it moved to 15 Penton Street, Islington. In 2010 it moved again to the Palestra Building at 197 Blackfriars Road, Southwark.

Present role

right~PCO licence plate, as seen on the back of all licensed hackney carriages (September 2006) PCO-Licence.jpg
right~PCO licence plate, as seen on the back of all licensed hackney carriages (September 2006)

On the formation of Transport for London on 3 July 2000, the licensing authority changed; however, the day-to-day licensing function remained with the Public Carriage Office.

With the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 the role of the PCO has been expanded to include the licensing of private hire operators, drivers and vehicles, bringing the capital into line with the rest of England and Wales.

In November 2005, in the report Where to, Guv?, the London Assembly's Transport Committee reported on a review of the Public Carriage Office and made some key recommendations. [1]

Pedicabs (London) Act 2024
Pedicabs (London) Act 2024
Act of Parliament
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 1).svg
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title An Act to make provision for regulating pedicabs in public places in Greater London; and for connected purposes.
Citation 2024 c. 7
Dates
Royal assent 25 April 2024
Status: Current legislation
History of passage through Parliament
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Pedicabs (London) Act 2024 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

The Pedicabs (London) Act 2024 (c. 7) was passed giving TfL the power to regulate pedicabs within guidance published by the Secretary of State for Transport. [22]

Elsewhere

Hackney carriages in Leeds are white with black bumpers and bonnets Taxi on Woodhouse Lane, Leeds (4th May 2010).jpg
Hackney carriages in Leeds are white with black bumpers and bonnets

Outside London, taxis are licensed by the local authority, [23] [24] and in many places are required to be painted a certain colour. [25] [26] Most major cities predominantly use London taxis, again traditionally black but this is not always mandatory. Smaller towns and rural areas allow more varieties of passenger cars, which may require taxis to be painted in a particular livery as a licence condition. A distinctive livery helps improve identification, which in turn improves passenger safety and accessibility, as well as provide a more professional service and create and promote a local identity with taxis a common sight around town. [27] Many towns use two-colour schemes, such as white vehicles with another specific colour on the bonnet and tailgate. The seaside city of Brighton uses white with an aquamarine colour, [28] Windsor, home to the King's residence at Windsor Castle, uses white with royal purple on the bonnet and tailgate, [29] and in the East Riding of Yorkshire white with green and Yorkshire rose markings. [30] Basildon taxis display white with orange bonnet and tailgate, [31] Leeds white with black, Cardiff black with white, [32] and West Suffolk and Middlesbrough black with yellow. [33] Bradford are all white with a green diagonal stripe on the front side doors. [34] St Albans are all white with a yellow stripe running the full length of the side, [35] and in Bournemouth they are pale yellow with a white stripe. [36] Single colour schemes include blue in Bristol, [37] teal in Guildford, [38] and silver in Portsmouth, [39] whilst white is used widely including in Southampton, [40] Sunderland and Scarborough. [41] In Hartlepool and Derby taxis are yellow, but both local authorities considered changing the livery in 2019 to reduce costs whilst still allowing taxis to be easily identified. Hartlepool proposed a two-colour scheme with a standard manufacturer colour such as white, silver or black as a base, and retain yellow only on the bonnet and boot, but abandoned plans after a consultation. [42] Derby plans to change to black with a yellow diagonal stripe on each side. [43]

Elsewhere there are two types of "taxi"—hackney carriages (licensed under the Town Police Clauses Act 1847), which may pick up fares on the street or be pre-booked and have a meter that charges a rate set by the local authority (alternatively the driver may negotiate a lower fare with the customer), and private hire vehicles (licensed under the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976) which must be pre-booked and whose rates are set by the private hire operator. Hackney carriages may only pick up fares off the street in the area in which they are licensed—however, they and private hire vehicles may pick up anywhere in the UK as long as they are pre-booked, and the driver, vehicle and operator are all licensed in the same borough. Some authorities have entered into agreements with neighbouring authorities to deputise each other's enforcement officers so they have the power to apprehend "trespassing" taxis from outside their area.

The legal way for a driver to ply outside their area is to obtain multiple licences, one for each licence authority area.

Luton is reported to have the highest number of taxicabs per head of population in the United Kingdom. [44]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hackney carriage</span> British car for hire

A hackney or hackney carriage is a carriage or car for hire. A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise. A symbol of London and Britain, the black taxi is a common sight on the streets of London. The hackney carriages carry a roof sign TAXI that can be illuminated to indicate their availability for passengers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle for hire</span> Vehicle providing transport for a fee

A vehicle for hire is a vehicle providing private transport or shared transport for a fee, in which passengers are generally free to choose their points or approximate points of origin and destination, unlike public transport, and which they do not drive themselves, as in car rental and carsharing. They may be offered via a ridesharing company.

The Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers is one of the 111 livery companies of the City of London. Its members are professional hackney carriage drivers, including London black taxicab drivers who have learnt the knowledge of London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxis of Hong Kong</span>

Hong Kong taxicabs provide taxi services in Hong Kong. Although a few taxis are independently owned and operated, the vast majority are owned by 17 independent taxi companies that rent out taxis on a shift basis to 40,000 self-employed drivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxis of New York City</span>

Taxicabs in New York City come in two varieties: yellow and green; they are widely recognizable symbols of the city. Taxis painted yellow are able to pick up passengers anywhere in the five boroughs. Taxis painted apple green, which began to appear in August 2013, are allowed to pick up passengers in Upper Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Both types have the same fare structure. Taxicabs are operated by private individuals or companies and licensed by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC). It also oversees over 40,000 other for-hire vehicles, including "black cars", commuter vans, and ambulettes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxis of Singapore</span>

Taxis of Singapore come in two main varieties. Traditional taxi companies offer flag down and call bookings and their drivers are hired employees of the company. Ridesharing companies allow bookings through a smartphone, allowing ease for passengers, these are mostly known as private hire vehicles (PHV). Their apps also allow the flexibility to work and pick up passengers with their own vehicle, be it owned or rented, provided the various requirements are met depending on the company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motorcycle taxi</span> Form of transport

A motorcycle taxi, or cart bike or bike taxi, is a licensed form of transport in some countries. The taxi typically carries one passenger, who "rides pillion" behind the motorcycle operator. Multiple passengers are common in some countries.

Taxicabs within a country often share common properties, but there is a wide variation from country to country in the vehicles used, the circumstances under which they may be hired and the regulatory regime to which these are subject.

The taxicabs of the United States make up a mature system; most U.S. cities have a licensing scheme which restricts the number of taxicabs allowed. As of 2012 the total number of taxi cab drivers in the United States is 233,900; the average annual salary of a taxi cab driver is $22,820 and the expected percent job increase over the next 10 years is 16%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conditions of Fitness</span>

The Metropolitan Conditions of Fitness for Taxis set out the requirements for vehicles that may be used as licensed Hackney carriage taxi cabs in London. They are what makes London's taxis unique in the world and are governed by Transport for London's Taxi and Private Hire office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxis of Australia</span> Transportation in form of taxicabs in Australia

Taxis in Australia are highly regulated by each Australian state and territory, with each state and territory having its own history and structure. In December 2014, there were 21,344 taxis in Australia. Taxis in Australia are required to be licensed and are typically required to operate and charge on a fitted taximeter. Taxi fare rates are set by State or Territory governments. A vehicle without a meter is generally not considered to be a taxi, and may be described, for example, as a hire car, limousine, carpool, etc. Most taxis today are fueled by liquid petroleum gas. A2B Australia owns and operates the Cabcharge payment system, which covers 98% of taxis in Australia, and operates one of Australia's largest taxi networks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission</span> New York City government agency

The New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission is an agency of the New York City government that licenses and regulates the medallion taxis and for-hire vehicle industries, including app-based companies such as Uber and Lyft. The TLC's regulatory landscape includes medallion (yellow) taxicabs, green or Boro taxicabs, black cars, community-based livery cars, commuter vans, paratransit vehicles (ambulettes), and some luxury limousines.

Illegal taxicabs, sometimes known as pirate taxis, gypsy cabs, or jitney cabs, are taxicabs and other for-hire vehicles that are not duly licensed or permitted by the jurisdiction in which they operate. Most major cities worldwide require taxicabs to be licensed, safety-inspected, insured as for-hire vehicles, and to use taximeters, and there may also be requirements that the taxi driver be registered or accredited. However, many unlicensed cabs are in operation. Illegal cabs may be marked taxi vehicles, and others are personal vehicles used by an individual to offer unauthorized taxi-like services. Illegal cabs are prevalent in cities with medallion systems, which restrict the number of legal cabs in operation. Since their introduction in 2009, vehicles affiliated with ridesharing companies have been classified as illegal taxicabs in some jurisdictions.

A sedan service is a transportation service that offers taxi-like rides in vehicles. Sedan services exist in many places, though the exact definition, along with regulations, may vary in different places. In some places, the term refers to a more luxurious service than taxicabs, while in other areas, it is a cheaper alternative. In most places, the ride must be prearranged, and a sedan driver is not legally permitted to pick up a hailing passenger like a taxicab. Also, most sedan services do not use meters like taxicabs, but rather charge by the mile, following the odometer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxi</span> Type of vehicle for hire with a driver

A taxi, also known as a taxicab or simply a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are decided by the service provider, not by the customers, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.

Taxicabs and other vehicles-for-hire in Canada are regulated by local municipalities and provinces, and are owned & operated by private companies and individuals. Unlicensed cabs in some cities are referred to as bandit taxis/cabs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxis of India</span>

Cars such as Toyota Etios, Maruti Omni, Mahindra Logan, Maruti Suzuki, Tata Indica and Tata Indigo are fairly popular among taxicab operators. The livery of the taxicabs in India varies from state to state. In Delhi and Maharashtra, most taxicabs have yellow-black livery, while in West Bengal, taxis have yellow livery. Private taxicab operators are not required to have a specific livery. However, they are required by law to be registered as commercial vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Addison Lee</span> London private hire taxi company

Addison Lee is a British private hire car and courier company headquartered in London, England. The company was founded in 1975 by John Griffin. It has become one of London's largest private hire companies, handling millions of rides annually.

Taxi livery varies greatly from country to country. In some countries, livery is determined by government legislation, and in others, taxi operators have choice on colours.

A livery cab, private hire, or minicab (London) is a car with a driver available for hire only on a pre-booked basis. These cabs are contrasted with public-hire taxicabs or hackney carriages, hailed or street taxis, licensed to ply streets and for hailing throughout communities. This type of transport may include limousine services and some minibuses and shuttle buses.

References

  1. 1 2 "Where to, Guv?", London Assembly Transport Committee report into the Public Carriage Office, November 2005
  2. ↑ "Taxi and Private Hire Vehicle Statistics: England 2015" (PDF).
  3. ↑ "Taxicab Make And Model History". London-taxi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  4. ↑ "Apply for a private hire vehicle licence". Transport for London. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  5. ↑ "The Knowledge, London’s Legendary Taxi-Driver Test, Puts Up a Fight in the Age of GPS" Blog post by Jody Rosen The New York Times Magazine November 2014
  6. ↑ Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1922). "Ch.4: The Improvement Commissioners". Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes. English Local Government. Vol. 4. 1922: Longman, Green. p. 240.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. ↑ "CONSTRUCTION AND LICENSING OF MOTOR TAXIS FOR USE IN LONDON" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  8. ↑ "Taxi Statistics UK". www.nimblefins.co.uk. 1 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "The Knowledge". Public Carriage Office, Transport for London. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012.
  10. ↑ "The Knowledge :: A-Z Maps". www.az.co.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  11. ↑ "London Taxi Knowledge Schools",
  12. ↑ "Applicants for a Taxi Driver’s Licence – The 'Knowledge of London' Examination System", Public Carriage Office, Transport for London
  13. ↑ "Requirements in order to obtain a taxi licence in London – by: Transport for London". Infotaxi.org. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  14. ↑ "The Knowledge Boys". Scientific American Frontiers. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  15. ↑ Ross, Drew A. R. (March 2007). "Backstage with the Knowledge Boys and Girls: Goffman and Distributed Agency in an Organic Online Community (Abstract)". Organization Studies. 28 (3): 307–25. doi:10.1177/0170840607076000. S2CID   145574225.
  16. ↑ Maguire, E. A.; Gadian, D. G.; Johnsrude, I. S.; Good, C. D.; Ashburner, J.; Frackowiak, R. S.; Frith, C. D. (2000). "Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (8): 4398–403. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4398M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.070039597 . PMC   18253 . PMID   10716738.
  17. ↑ Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne; Frith, Uta (2005). The learning brain: lessons for education. Blackwell Publishing. p. 125. ISBN   978-1-4051-2401-0.
  18. ↑ "Taxi drivers 'have brain sat-nav'". BBC News. 13 September 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  19. ↑ The Knowledge (1979) (TV) at IMDb
  20. ↑ Will Self (30 October 2007). The Book Of Dave. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN   978-1596913844.
  21. 1 2 "Licensing information". Transport for London.
  22. ↑ "Pedicabs (London) Act 2024: Section 7", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, 25 April 2024, 2024 c. 7 (s. 7), retrieved 15 July 2024
  23. ↑ "Taxi and Private Hire Byelaws and Conditions". Eastbourne Borough Council. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  24. ↑ "Taxis and private hire vehicles". Portsmouth.gov.uk. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  25. ↑ City and County of Swansea (28 January 2010). "# # Vehicles – Hackney Carriage". Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  26. ↑ City and County of Swansea (17 June 2010). "Vehicles – Private Hire". Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  27. ↑ "East Riding taxis branded with new livery". Just Beverley.
  28. ↑ "Blue handbook for hackney carriages". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Cab drivers say council colours make taxis look like 'dustbin cars'". Maidenhead Advertiser. 8 August 2013.
  30. ↑ "New taxi livery for East Riding". Yorkshire Coast Radio.
  31. ↑ "About Hackney Carriages". Basildon Council.
  32. ↑ "Taxi licensing" (PDF). Cardiff Council.
  33. ↑ "Consultation launched over taxis in west Suffolk". East Anglian Daily Times. 29 January 2020.
  34. ↑ "How can I tell which Hackney Carriage or Private Hire Drivers, Vehicles and Operators are licensed currently by Bradford Council?". City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council.
  35. ↑ "Conditions Applicable to the Licensing of Hackney Carriage Vehicles, part 1.3" (PDF). Application Pack For A Hackney Carriage. St Albans City & District Council.
  36. ↑ "Guide to Using Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles". Bournemouth, Christchurch & Poole Council.
  37. ↑ "Taxis". Bristol City Council.
  38. ↑ "Guildford's taxis to become 'corporate teal' as driver's court case is dismissed". Surrey Live. 9 February 2016.
  39. ↑ "Conditions of licence and enforcement" (PDF). Portsmouth City Council.
  40. ↑ "Hackney carriage licences". Southampton City Council.
  41. ↑ "Hackney carriage vehicle licensing". Scarborough Borough Council.
  42. ↑ "Hartlepool taxis to stay yellow - drivers vow to 'stand up, scream and shout' over suggested change". The Scotsman. 4 December 2019.
  43. ↑ "Derby cabs yellow to black change criticised". BBC. 23 August 2019.
  44. ↑ "Luton South" Archived 8 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine , UK Polling Report
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