Taif

Last updated
Taif
Aṭ-Ṭāʾif (ٱلطَّائِف)
City
lTy'f mn jbl lhd~1.jpg
Taif, as seen from Al Hada
Nickname(s): 
Madīnat al-Wurūd (مَدِيْنَة ٱلْوُرُوْد)
Summer capital of the Kingdom
Saudi Arabia relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Taif
Location in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Middle East location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Taif
Taif (Middle East)
West Asia non political with water system.jpg
Red pog.svg
Taif
Taif (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates: 21°16′30.34″N40°24′22.16″E / 21.2750944°N 40.4061556°E / 21.2750944; 40.4061556
Country Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Province Makkah
Governorate Taif
Government
 • MayorHRH Nahar Alsaud
Area
 •  City 321 km2 (124 sq mi)
Elevation
1,879 m (6,165 ft)
Population
 (2022 census) [1]
 •  City 563,282
 • Rank6
 • Density2,144/km2 (5,554/sq mi)
 •  Metro
913,374 (Taif Governorate)
Demonym Taifian
Time zone UTC+3 (GMT + 3)
Postal Code
26XXX
Area code +966 12
Website http://www.taifcity.gov.sa

Taif (Arabic : اَلطَّائِفُ‎, romanized: Aṭ-Ṭāʾif, lit.  'The circulated or encircled', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [atˤˈtˤaː(j)ɪf] ) is a city and governorate in the Province of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. Located at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains, which themselves are part of the Sarat Mountains, [2] the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, making it one of the most populous cities in the kingdom. [3]

Contents

There is a belief that Taif is indirectly referred to in Quran 43:31. [4] The city was visited by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, sometime in the early 7th century, and was inhabited by the tribe of Banu Thaqif. It is still inhabited to this day by their descendants. As a part of the Hejaz, the city has seen many transfers-of-power throughout its history, with the last being during the Saudi conquest of Hejaz in 1925.

The city has been called the unofficial summer capital of Saudi Arabia [5] [6] and has also been called the best summer destination in Saudi Arabia [7] as it enjoys a moderate weather during summer, unlike most of the Arabian Peninsula. The city owes its popularity among tourists to its many mountain resorts and moderate climate, even during the harsh summers of Arabia. The city is connected to the nearby resort town of Al-Hada via the iconic Highway 15 (Taif – Al-Hada Road). It stands out from the rest of the Hijazi region as it is a city that plays an active role in the agricultural output of Saudi Arabia and is the center of an agricultural area known for its cultivation of grapes, pomegranate, figs, roses and honey. [8] Taif is also very active in the manufacturing of traditional attar, and is known locally as "City of the Roses" (Arabic : مَدِيْنَة ٱلْوُرُوْد, romanized: Madīnat al-Wurūd). Taif also hosts the historic Souq 'Okaz.

The Taif governorate is divided into 15 smaller municipalities, with Ta'if as the capital. [9] The administration of the city itself is carried out by five municipalities, named North Taif, West Taif, East Taif, South Taif and New Taif. Taif is served by the Taif International Airport, with a larger international airport planned to open by 2030. [10] [11]

Name

Much like many of the cities in the Hejazi region, the city of Ta'if had an older name: Wajj (وَجّ). [12] This was also the name of the Valley of Wajj, a significant valley within Arabian and Islamic history. [12]

The etymology of the city's current name, Taʾif (Arabic : اَلطَّائِفُ), comes from the Arabic root ط و ف, which could translate to "wanderer", "roamer", or "circulator"; the latter of which is the basis of the word Ṭawāf (طَوَاف), which literally translates to "circulation" or "circumambulation", and is used in the context of the circumambulation of the Kaaba. [13] [14] [15]

Taʾif was given this name due to the wall that was built by the tribe of Banu Thaqif that circulated the city. [16] In short, the city of Taʾif literally means the circulated or encircled city.[ citation needed ]

History

In the 6th century A.D., the city of Ta'if was dominated by the Thaqif tribe, which still lives in and around the city of Ta'if today. It has been suggested that Jewish tribes who were displaced in the wars of the Himyarite Kingdom by Ethiopian Christians settled near Ta'if. [17] The walled city was a religious centre as it housed the idol of the goddess Lāt, who was then known as "the lady of Ta'if." Its climate marked the city out from its dry and barren neighbours closer to the Red Sea. Wheat, vines and fruit orchards were grown around Ta'if, and this is how the city earned its title "the Garden of the Hejaz." [18] [19] Both Ta'if and Mecca were resorts of pilgrimage. [20] Ta'if was more pleasantly situated than Mecca itself, and their people of Ta'if had close trading relations. The people of Ta'if carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities. [20]

In the early 7th century C.E., Muhammad, who was born in Makkah, preached Islam to the inhabitants of Mecca and the Hijaz, and encountered resistance from many of the people there. In 630, a battle took place at Hunayn, close to the city. Shortly after that, the unsuccessful siege of Ta'if took place. The city was assaulted by catapults from Banu Daus, but it repelled the attacks. The Battle of Tabuk in 631 left Tā'if completely isolated, so members of Thaqīf arrived in Makkah to negotiate the conversion of the city to Islam. The idol of Lāt was destroyed along with all other signs of the city's pagan past. [21] [22]

The city then went through many exchanges-of-power, but most of the action within these conflicts took place between Makkah and Medina, and Ta'if dwindled in importance in contrast to the two holy cities. [23]

Under Ottoman rule

On 17 July 1517, the Sharif of Mecca capitulated to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. As a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. As part of the Hijaz, Ta'if was also given over to Ottoman control and the city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802, when it was retaken by rebels allied with the House of Saud. These forces then proceeded to take Mecca and Medina. The loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the holy cities. The Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II, called upon the Wali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, who launched an attack on the Hejaz and reconquered Ta'if in 1813. [23]

In 1813, the Swiss traveler and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt visited Ta'if and left an eyewitness account of the city just after its recapture by the Muhammad Ali, with whom he obtained several interviews while he was there. Burckhardt reported that the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el-Medhayfe. There were three gates and several towers on the city walls, which, however, were weak, being in some places only 45 cm (18 in) thick. Burckhardt stated that the castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib ibn Musa'id. He noted the destruction of the city caused by the conquest of 1802. Most of the buildings were still in ruin while he was there, and the tomb of 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas – cousin of Muhammad and ancestor of the Abbasids – had been severely damaged. He also recorded that the population of the city was still mostly Thaqīfi. In terms of trade, the city was an entrepôt for coffee. [24]

Landscape from south of Ta'if qry@ lSfh - lmmlk@ l`rby@ ls`wdy@.jpg
Landscape from south of Ta'if

The castle and military barracks in Ta'if were repaired by the Ottomans in 1843, a hükûmet konağı – mansion for government business – was built in 1869, and a post office was established sometime later. [25]

Arab Revolt

Road to Ta'if in the foreground, with the Hijaz Mountains in the background Taifroad.jpg
Road to Ta'if in the foreground, with the Hijaz Mountains in the background

Prior to the Arab Revolt, Ahmed Bey had been made the commander of Ottoman forces in Tā'if. He had under him a force of 3,000 soldiers and 10 pieces of mountain artillery. Ghalib Pasha, the governor of the Hejaz was also present in the city. In 1916, the Hashemites launched their revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Mecca in June. That city had fallen and then in July, Abdullah, the eldest son of the Hashemite leader and Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali, came with seventy men to Tā'if. Whilst his activities in the area aroused the suspicion of Ahmed Bey, Ghalib Pasha was unconcerned by so small a force. Abdullah secretly built up his army to 5,000 men. He then cut the telegraph wires to the city and took the offensive. All Hashemite assaults on the city were repelled by the mountain guns, and both sides settled down to an uneasy siege. However, Hashemite guns were slowly brought up to Tā'if, and then the city held out a little longer; before finally surrendering on 22 September. The city thus later became a part of the self-proclaimed Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz. [25] [26]

Saudi conquest and modern history

Ta'if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long. Tensions between the King of the Hejaz, Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdulaziz al-Saud, the Emir of Nejd and Hasa, soon broke out into violence. Although hostilities subsided in 1919, by September 1924, the then Saudi-sponsored Ikhwan militia, under the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad and Khaled bin Luwai', was ready to attack Ta'if. The city was supposed to have been defended by the king's son, 'Ali, but he fled in panic with his troops. Three hundred of 'Ali's men were slain by the Ikhwan in what became known as the Ta'if massacre. [26] In 1926, Abdulaziz al-Saud was officially recognized as the new King of Hejaz. Ta'if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al-Saud unified his two kingdoms and consolidated them into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In 1934 the treaty was signed here that established the boundary lines between Yemen and the kingdom. [27] The king himself was later to die in the city on 9 November 1953, as did King Khalid on 13 June 1982.[ citation needed ]

Ta'if was still little more than a medieval city when the Saudis took control of it. However, they later embarked on a project of modernizing the city. Saudi Arabia's first public power generator was set up in Ta'if in the late 1940s. [28] In terms of building roads to the isolated city, in 1965 the then King Faisal inaugurated the 54 mi (87 km) mountain highway between Mecca and Ta'if, [29] now part of Highway 15 and known as the Taif – Al-Hada Road. In 1974, the approximately-650-kilometer Ta'if-Abha–Jizan highway was commissioned part of the Highway 15. [30] By the 1991 Gulf War, Ta'if was such a modern city in terms of communications that it was chosen as the site of the Rendon Group's television and radio network, which was used for communication with Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation.[ citation needed ]

Geography

Historic sadd (sadW , dam) in Ta'if The Dam in Taif.. (4313225424).jpg
Historic sadd (سَدّ, dam) in Ta'if

The entirety of the Ta'if governorate is situated on a raised valley surrounded by the Hejaz Mountains (part of the Sarat mountains) to the west and south. The city is situated at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) above mean sea level. For comparison, the surrounding mountains which separate Ta'if from nearby villages such as Al-Hada and Ash-Shafa, range in height anywhere from 2,000–3,500 m (6,600–11,500 ft). Ta'if is known to have had many wadis with running water before, suggested by the presence of dams along many of these. Taif's highest point, the Jebel Daka is even the fifth highest peak of Saudi Arabia.

Climate

Ta'if has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with hot summers and mild winters. It is much cooler in Ta'if during the summertime than it is other parts of Saudi Arabia, particularly Riyadh. Precipitation is low, but all months see some rain, with more rain in spring and late autumn than in other months. [31] [32]

Climate data for Ta'if (1991-2020)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)32.0
(89.6)		33.0
(91.4)		34.0
(93.2)		35.2
(95.4)		39.0
(102.2)		40.2
(104.4)		41.0
(105.8)		40.0
(104.0)		40.0
(104.0)		36.0
(96.8)		32.5
(90.5)		30.0
(86.0)		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)23.1
(73.6)		25.3
(77.5)		27.7
(81.9)		30.6
(87.1)		33.9
(93.0)		36.3
(97.3)		35.6
(96.1)		36.0
(96.8)		35.2
(95.4)		31.1
(88.0)		26.8
(80.2)		24.2
(75.6)		30.5
(86.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)15.8
(60.4)		17.7
(63.9)		20.2
(68.4)		23.2
(73.8)		26.5
(79.7)		29.6
(85.3)		29.3
(84.7)		29.5
(85.1)		28.2
(82.8)		23.7
(74.7)		19.6
(67.3)		16.9
(62.4)		23.3
(74.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)8.7
(47.7)		10.3
(50.5)		12.8
(55.0)		16.0
(60.8)		19.3
(66.7)		22.8
(73.0)		23.6
(74.5)		23.8
(74.8)		21.0
(69.8)		16.0
(60.8)		12.5
(54.5)		9.8
(49.6)		16.4
(61.5)
Record low °C (°F)−1.5
(29.3)		0.0
(32.0)		0.5
(32.9)		4.0
(39.2)		5.6
(42.1)		13.9
(57.0)		13.3
(55.9)		13.3
(55.9)		11.4
(52.5)		8.0
(46.4)		5.0
(41.0)		−1.0
(30.2)		−1.5
(29.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)9.7
(0.38)		1.1
(0.04)		12.4
(0.49)		34.1
(1.34)		34.8
(1.37)		3.8
(0.15)		2.4
(0.09)		17.2
(0.68)		9.1
(0.36)		16.1
(0.63)		23.1
(0.91)		5.0
(0.20)		168.8
(6.65)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)1.20.31.33.73.90.50.61.90.92.12.51.020.0
Average relative humidity (%)61544747382527313342566144
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization, [33]
Source 2: [31] [32]

Natural landmarks

Jabal Dakka near Ash-Shafa Jabal Dakka, Al Shafa.jpg
Jabal Dakka near Ash-Shafa

Al-Rudaf Park is a large natural park in South Ta'if, where trees stand amidst weathered granite rocks. The site also has a small zoo. Additionally, the park has a large lake with fountains and cannons. [34] The Ta'if rose plantation is a complex of rose fields filled with small fragrant pink roses that are distilled into expensive Ta'if rose oil. [35] The famous grown here is the 30-petal Damask rose (Rosa damascena trigintipetala), whose scent has been described as a robust, spicy, and dizzyingly complex scent [36] which has been used by several luxury perfume brands, including Ormonde Jayne, [35] Chanel, Guerlain and Hermès. [37] The Nuqbat al-Hamra' park near Al-Hada is a large nature preserve at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) above sea level. [38] [39] [40] [41] Ash-Shafā is a small village situated high up in the mountains at an elevation of 2,200 to 2,500 metres (7,200 to 8,200 feet) above sea level, rich in agricultural products. The fruit gardens of Ta'if are located here. A camel ride is available, [42] and Jabal Dakka is within view of the village. [38] The Saiysad National Park is located in New Ta'if.[ citation needed ]

Economy and development

Rosa x damascena (R. damascena trigintipetala) flower in Ta'if Rosa damascena ps.jpg
Rosa × damascena (R. damascena trigintipetala) flower in Ta'if

Historically, Ta'if's economy depended on agriculture and the cultivation of roses, which were traded throughout Central Asia and Transoxiana. [43] Ta'if's modern economy is still mostly dependent on agriculture and perfumes, but an increasing diversification project has been taking place in order to combat the city's heavy dependence on these two industries. [19] The distilled rose oil from the Rosa × damascena plant has been traditionally used as an attar in the Middle East, usually as a masculine fragrance, and due to its cultivation in Ta'if, it has gained the name "Ta'if rose."[ citation needed ]

On October 1, 2017, King Salman of Saudi Arabia inaugurated the "New Ta'if" project, a $3.9 billion project [44] aiming at establishing a new, international airport in the city, dubbed the Ta'if International Airport, renovation and modernization of the historic Souk 'Okaz, [45] [46] establishment of the Oasis of Technology, which is expected to include an Antonov aircraft manufacturing and assembly plant, an industrial airport with a 3.5-km runway, a solar farm covering 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) expected to produce 30 MW of electricity, [45] [46] the Residential Suburb, which is expected to include 10,000 residential units, [45] [46] the Industrial City, an 11-square-kilometre (4.2 sq mi) industrial city with a complex for heavy, medium and light industries along with a vocational training center, [45] [46] and the University City, a 16-square-kilometre (6.2 sq mi) university projected to be built in the Saiysad National Park. [45] [46]

Culture

Arts

The Souk 'Okaz, one of the best known pre-Islamic souks, was not only a market, but in many ways, a historic theater, where sociopolitical and commercial exchanges took place between the tribes of pre-Islamic Arabia. [47] People from around the peninsula would come to visit the idol of the goddess Lat. [47] This is proof that Ta'if has long been a historic center for trade and the arts in the Arabian Peninsula; contemporary theaters in the area include the 'Okaz Market Theater [48] and the recently opened King 'Abdullah Park Theater. [49] A performing arts theater is also located in the nearby town of Qia and is known as the Folk Theater of Qia.[ citation needed ]

In the framework of Saudi Seasons initiative, the first Ta'if Season took place on August 1, 2019. Artists from seven countries participated in the event and a wide range of activities were overseen. Three main events have taken place during the season including the Souk 'Okaz festival and a camel race. As a sideline to the event, a rose festival in the city as well as a number of concerts and plays were held. [50]

Sports

Like most of Saudi Arabia, the most popular sport among Saudis in Ta'if is football. Wej SC (Saudi Arabian Football Federation) plays at King Fahd Sports City in North Ta'if near as-Sayl as-Saghir and is the football team representing the city. The expatriate minority in the city has brought several other games with them to Ta'if, including cricket, badminton and volleyball. [51] Al Hawiyah Stadium is the local football pitch.

Infrastructure

Education

In 2004 Taif University was established which offers both undergraduate and graduate programs across four colleges and 16 faculties. [52] [53] It has four campuses located in the Taif Governorate, with the main campus in Al-Hawiyya. [52]

In 2014 the Canadian Niagara College opened a campus in Taif with programs in tourism, hospitality, and business. [54] This effort is part of the Colleges of Excellence program. [55] The college faced criticism for being open to men only, including from the Canadian Association of University Teachers. [56] [54] [57] As of 2023 it is unclear whether the campus in Taif is still active, with even the main website of Niagara College KSA having mixed information. [58] [59]

Mosques

There are a number of historical mosques in the city. [60] [61] One  [ ar ] ( 21°16′13.31″N40°24′30.48″E / 21.2703639°N 40.4084667°E / 21.2703639; 40.4084667 ) houses the remains of Abdullah ibn Abbas, a cousin and companion of Muhammad. [62] [63] Another mosque  [ ar ] ( 21°15′27.65″N40°23′27.37″E / 21.2576806°N 40.3909361°E / 21.2576806; 40.3909361 ) is named after Addas, an Iraqi Christian who embraced Islam after meeting Muhammad. [64] [65]

Museums and historic landmarks

Map of the historic Souk 'Okaz from the book Sahih al-Akhbar swq `kZ.JPG
Map of the historic Souk 'Okaz from the book Sahih al-Akhbar

Located 40 km (25 mi) north of Ta'if is the site of the Souk 'Okaz, [66] the largest and best known of the pre-Islamic souks. [67] The souq was a scene of annual social, political and commercial gatherings. It was also the location of competitive recitation of poetry and prose. The buildings remain, including prominent outlines of walls of basaltic stone. Wadi Mitna is a wadi believed to be the location where Muhammad sought refuge from the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif in 619 AD, after he was stoned by the tribes. He was later given sanctuary by his fellows in a small house, which has now been converted into a mosque. Shubra Palace is the regional museum of Ta'if, housed in a building built around 1900, which served as Ibn Saud's lodging in the 1930s, [68] [69] [70] and was also used as the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia during King Faisal's reign. [7] The Turkish Fort was a fort located near the Souk 'Okaz, many battles have been fought here and many prominent graves can be found, though only a small part of the original fort remains. Legend has it that Lawrence of Arabia also fought here. [39] [40] [41] The Badawi Fortress is located in the southern reaches of East Ta'if.[ citation needed ]

Transportation

Left to right: Ta'if, Mecca and Jeddah seen from the ISS at night ISS-42 Taif, Mecca and Jeddah at night.jpg
Left to right: Ta'if, Mecca and Jeddah seen from the ISS at night

Due to Ta'if's location in the mountains, most major highways either bend around the city or avoid the region completely. The only major highway in the Saudi Arabian network to pass through Ta'if is Highway 15 (known to locals as the Taif – Al-Hada Road) which arrives from Mecca in the west, bends around the mountains through Al-Hada, passes through the center of Ta'if, and travels to Abha and Khamis Mushait via Baha and Baljurashi. Ta'if is connected to Highway 40 via Highway 267 and Highway 287. Highway 267 forms the western part of the Ta'if beltway, but then continues southward toward Ash-Shafa, bypassing Mecca by using a longer route and gives access to Highway 304, Highway 301, Highway 40 and Highway 290 via Highway 298.[ citation needed ]

Ta'if is served by the Taif International Airport. It was scheduled to open in 2020, but this had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new airport is mainly designed to cater to pilgrims of Hajj and 'Umrah, and to relieve pressure off the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. [71] [72] [73]

Notable people

Tribes

The historically well-known tribe of Thaqif still lives in and around the city of Ta'if. 'Utaibah is another Adnani tribe which still lives in Ta'if. Banu Harith is one of the Qahtani Arabs tribes living around Ta'if in Saudi Arabia. The tribe claims a very large area around the city in the area between Ta'if and Qunfudhah in Saudi Arabia. Thu al-Isba' al-'Adwani was an Arabic poet and a man of wisdom from the Banu 'Adwan tribe that historically lived in the northern parts of Ta'if. Furthermore, Banu Thabit are people descended from Thabit and the tribe is originally part of Hawazin clan.

Births in the pre-modern era

Pre-Islamic leaders of Banu Thaqif During the pre-Islamic era, the city was populated by the tribe of Thaqif. The city had then the following chieftains:

Other important Islamic figures

Births in the modern era

Monarchs and royals

Others

Deaths

Governors

See also

The contents of this article incorporate material from an entry in the Enciclopedia Libre Universal, published in Spanish under GFDL .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Najd</span> Region in central Saudi Arabia

Najd is the central region of Saudi Arabia, in which about a third of the country's modern population resides. It is the home of the House of Saud, from which it pursued unification with Hejaz since the time of the Emirate of Diriyah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hejaz</span> Region of Saudi Arabia

The Hejaz is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi. It is thus known as the "Western Province", and it is bordered in the west by the Red Sea, in the north by Jordan, in the east by the Najd, and in the south by the Region of 'Asir. Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being the fourth- and fifth-largest cities in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quraysh</span> Arab tribal confederation of Mecca, Arabia

The Quraysh or Qureshi is an Arab tribe that inhabited and used to control Mecca and the Kaaba. Comprising ten main clans, it includes the Hashim clan into which the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born. By 600 CE, the Quraysh had become wealthy merchants, dominating trade between the Indian Ocean, East Africa, and the Mediterranean. They ran caravans to Gaza and Damascus in summer, and Yemen in winter. They also mined and pursued other enterprises on these routes, placing business interests first.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mecca Province</span> Administrative region of Saudi Arabia

The Mecca Province, officially Makkah Province, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. It is the third-largest province by area at 153,128 km2 (59,123 sq mi) and the most populous with a population of 8,557,766 as of 2017, of which 4,041,189 were foreign nationals and 4,516,577 were Saudis. It is located in the historic Hejaz region, and has an extended coastline on the Red Sea. Its capital is Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, and its largest city is Jeddah, which is Saudi Arabia's main port city. The province accounts for 26.29% of the population of Saudi Arabia and is named after the Islamic holy city of Mecca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emirate of Diriyah</span> 1727–1818 state ruled by the House of Saud

The Emirate of Diriyah, also known as the first Saudi state, was established in February 1727. In 1744, the emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banu Thaqif</span> Arab tribe of Taif, Saudi Arabia

The Banu Thaqif is an Arab tribe which inhabited, and still inhabits, the city of Ta'if and its environs, in modern Saudi Arabia, and played a prominent role in early Islamic history.

There were several Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad.

Muhammad led the Conquest of Mecca in Ramadan of the Islamic year 8 AH. The Quraysh in Mecca was Muhammad's final major rival in the Arabian Peninsula, and following the conquest, Muhammad focused his military operations on further expansion of his Islamic realm to the north, with a campaign against the Ghassanids and the Byzantine Empire.

Al-Ghamdi is an Arabic family name denoting a member of the Ghamd tribe of Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zahran tribe</span> Arabian tribe

Zahran, also known as Banū ʿZahrān ibn Kaʿab, is one of the oldest Arabian tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. It is regarded as one of the largest tribes in Al Bahah Province.

The Otaibah is one of the biggest Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. Their distribution spans throughout Saudi Arabia, especially in Najd. and the Middle East. The Otaibah are descended from the Bedouin. They trace back to the Mudar family and belong to the Qays ʿAylān confederacy through its previous name, Hawazin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawazin</span> Former Arabian tribe

The Hawazin were an Arab tribe originally based in the western Najd and around Ta'if in the Hejaz. They formed part of the larger Qays tribal group. The Hawazin consisted of the subtribes of Banu Sa'd, and Banu Jusham, as well as the powerful Banu Thaqif and Banu Amir, which were both often counted separately from the Hawazin.

Sultan bin Bajad bin Humaid al-'Utaybi was the Sheikh of the Otaibah tribe and one of the prominent leaders of the Ikhwan movement in the Arabian Peninsula. This tribal army supported King Abdulaziz in his efforts to unify Saudi Arabia between 1910 and 1927.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banu Hudhayl</span> Arab tribe

Banu Hudhayl is an Arab tribe that originated in the Hejaz. The tribe mainly inhabits Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Jordan and Egypt. The tribe was one of the tribes in contact with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and they are known throughout history for their talented poets and intellectuals, as well as their help in repelling the Qarmatians in the 10th-century Sack of Mecca.

The Ghamid is an Azd Arab tribe of the Hejaz Region. They are predominantly Sunni, and are considered one of the oldest tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The Ghamid people are thought to be closely related to the neighboring tribe of Zahran.

The Saudi conquest of Hejaz or the Second Saudi-Hashemite War, also known as the Hejaz-Nejd War, was a campaign by Abdulaziz al-Saud of the Saudi Sultanate of Nejd to take over the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz in 1924–25, ending with conquest and incorporation of Hejaz into the Saudi domain.

The Taif massacre was an incident that followed the short 1924 Battle of Taif; the entire episode is also known as the al-Taif incident. The battle and resultant massacre comprised the first major standoff of the Second Hashemite-Saudi War. Following a short siege, Taif was abandoned by Hashemite forces and then capitulated to the battle-ready Ikhwan force under the command of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. The Ikhwan troops took out their rage on the residents of the city. In the resulting bloodbath, some 300-400 Ta'if residents were massacred.

Al-Hashimi, also transliterated Al-Hashemi, Hashemi, Hashimi, or Hashmi is an Arabic and Persian surname. The definite article Al- usually distinguishes the Arabic from the more numerous form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Qantara Mosque</span> Historical site in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Al-Qantara Mosque, also known as Al-Madhoun Mosque or Qabil Mosque, is an abandoned historical mosque from the Ottoman era in the neighbourhood of Al-Mathnah in the city of At-Ta’if, Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas Mosque</span> A historic mosque in the city of Taif, Saudi Arabia

Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas Mosque is a historic mosque located in the city of Taif within the Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia. The mosque is named after Ibn Abbas, who is buried within the grounds of the mosque.

References

  1. ↑ "Taif Governorate". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  2. ↑ "List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  3. ↑ "Brief about Ta'if City". Ta'if City. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  4. ↑ Q43:31, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
  5. ↑ "Taif Is Saudis' Summer Capital". The New York Times. 1977-08-09. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  6. ↑ Pesce, Angelo. (1984). Taif : the summer capital of Saudi Arabia. Jeddah: Immel. ISBN   0-907151-27-2. OCLC   498664227.
  7. 1 2 "Taif emerges as top local tourist destination in Saudi Arabia". Arab News. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  8. ↑ "Al-Ṭāʾif | Saudi Arabia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  9. ↑ Department, IT. "التقسيم الإداري بمحافظة الطائف". أمانة الطائف (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  10. ↑ https://matarat.com.sa/en-us/PrivatizationOpportunities/Pages/Privatization-Opportunities-Details.aspx?ItemID=57
  11. ↑ Taif International Airport is targeting a capacity increase from 600,000 to four million passengers annually by 2030
  12. 1 2 "وج، أشهر أودية الطائف". Al Riyadh (in Arabic).
  13. ↑ Maqsood, Ruqaiyyah (1994). World Faiths, teach yourself – Islam. Hodder & Stoughton. p.  76. ISBN   0-340-60901-X.
  14. ↑ Shariati, Ali (2005). HAJJ: Reflection on Its Rituals. Islamic Publications International. ISBN   1-889999-38-5.
  15. ↑ Denny, Frederick Mathewson (2010). An Introduction to Islam. Prentice Hall. ISBN   978-0-13814477-7.
  16. ↑ "الطائف القديمة حاصرها الرسول "صلى الله عليه وسلم" ونالت اهتمام الرحالة والمؤرخين". Al Riyadh (in Arabic).
  17. ↑ Hirschberg, Haim Ze'ev (1972). "Arabia" In Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3. Jerusalem: Macmillan. p. 234.
  18. ↑ "The Prophets of Islam - Muhammad". Islamawareness.net. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  19. 1 2 "Garden Of The Hejaz: Taif". Skylife. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  20. 1 2 "The Excellent Exemplar - Muhammad". Al-Islam.org . Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  21. ↑ Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi - The Book of Idols.
  22. ↑ Ibn Ishaq - Sīratu Rasūlu l-LāhHawting.
  23. 1 2 Badr, Abdulbasit A. (2015). Madinah, The Enlightened City: History and Landmarks. Medina. ISBN   9786039041474.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ Burkhardt, John Lewis (1829). Travels in Arabia. London: John Colburn. Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  25. 1 2 "Taif". Saudi Arabia Tourism Guide. 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  26. 1 2 Holden, David. (January 1982). The House of Saud : the Rise and Rule of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab World. Johns, Richard. (1st American ed.). New York. ISBN   0-03-043731-8. OCLC   7575513.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ↑ Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. (1997). (Third edition). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc. p. 1152. ISBN   0-87779-546-0.
  28. ↑ "Foundations: The Pillars". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  29. ↑ "Masterpieces By The Million". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  30. ↑ "Made In: Saudi Arabia". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  31. 1 2 "Jeddah Regional Climate Center". Archived from the original on 11 December 2016.
  32. 1 2 "Surface annual climatological report". PME. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  33. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  34. ↑ "ThePlace: Saudi Arabia's Al-Rudaf Park, located in the heart of Taif". Arab News. 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  35. 1 2 http://www.ormondejayne.com%20 Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "Guide to Exploring Taif a.k.a City of Roses". Gurfati. 2017-03-13. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  37. ↑ "Taif Rose perfume ingredient, Taif Rose fragrance and essential oils Rosa damascena trigintipetala". www.fragrantica.com. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  38. 1 2 Cuddihy, Kathy (2001). "18". An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi. London: Stacey International. pp. 174–209. ISBN   1-9009-8840-2.
  39. 1 2 "zao28050.jpg" Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  40. 1 2 Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  41. 1 2 "المنتديات - الطائف نت". Taifcity.net. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  42. ↑ "Al Shafa". Al-taif.net
  43. ↑ Prothero, G. W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 86.
  44. ↑ "Prince Khaled announces SR14.6bn projects in Taif, Moya and Misan". Arab News. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 "Here are the plans for 6 key projects in New Taif City". ArgaamPlus. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 "Makkah governor opens first phase of solar plant in Taif". Arab News. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  47. 1 2 Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi. (1990). The heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless. Washington, D.C.: GDG Publications. ISBN   0-9624483-0-3. OCLC   23255261.
  48. ↑ "Riyadh Daily". www.alriyadhdaily.com. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  49. ↑ "Saudi city Taif set to open first park cinema for festival season". Arab News. 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  50. ↑ "Taif Season set to open on Aug. 1 with eight countries participating". Saudigazette. 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  51. ↑ "Sports in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia forum". www.expat.com/. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  52. 1 2 "Taif University". Times Higher Education (THE). 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  53. ↑ "Universities in Taif | Colleges in Taif | KSA Universities". KSA University. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  54. 1 2 "Niagara College campus in Saudi Arabia for men only". CBC News. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  55. ↑ "NCKSA – Niagara College" . Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  56. ↑ Craggs, Samantha (10 December 2016). "University teachers threaten to censure Niagara College over its Saudi campuses". CBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  57. ↑ LaFleche, Grant (9 June 2020) [1 February 2016]. "LaFleche: No excuse for Niagara College's Saudi campus". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  58. ↑ "Foundation Program – NCKSA" . Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  59. ↑ "Why NCKSA – NCKSA" . Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  60. ↑ Al-Kinani, Mohammed (2018-01-11). "Taif mosque is a historic Saudi jewel with a story to tell". Arab News . Taif, Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  61. ↑ Al-Thaqafi, Tareq (2023-07-14). "Taif's weather, rich culture and history attract pilgrims". Arab News. Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  62. ↑ Al-Wazani, Nadeen (2024-01-12). "The deep history of Abdullah bin Abbas Mosque". Wafy (وافي). Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  63. ↑ "Masjid Abdullah Ibn Abbas". Islamic Landmarks. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  64. ↑ "Addas Mosque". Atlas Islamica. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  65. ↑ "Prophet Muhammad's Visit To Taif". Islam & Ihsan. 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  66. 1 2 Bulaihad, Muhammad (1952). "صحيح الأخبار عما في بلاد العرب من الاّثار".
  67. ↑ "Stone arch". Ysldj.com
  68. ↑ "Taif City Profile, Saudi Arabia". The-saudi.net. 1953-11-09. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  69. ↑ "Photo_unavailable.gif (500x374 pixels)". farm3.static.flickr.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  70. ↑ "Shubra Palace" (image). Al-Taif.net
  71. ↑ Department, IT. "مستكشف الطائف الجغرافي". أمانة الطائف.
  72. ↑ "Set for opening in 2020, Taif airport still in designing stage". Saudigazette. 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  73. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Taif Airport to be completed by 2020". Construction Week Online Middle East. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  74. ↑ Maclean, Derryl (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 22–29. ISBN   90-04-08551-3.
  75. ↑ "Pusat Sejarah Brunei" (in Malay). www.history-centre.gov.bn. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  76. ↑ "Great Leaps: Saudi Arabia's First Olympic Medals". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.