Daulat Yang Dipertuan Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah (1789 – 12 February 1849, in Batavia) was the last king of the Pagaruyung Kingdom. He was the grandson of Sultan Alam Muningsyah. He had four brothers and sisters: Puti Reno Sori, Tuan Gadih Tembong, Tuan Bujang Nan Bakundi and Yang Dipertuan Batuhampar. Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah was appointed as regent of Tanah Datar after the Netherlands seized Pagaruyung from the Padri. Because of an alleged conspiracy against the Dutch, Bagagarsyah Sultan Alam was arrested and exiled to Batavia, where he died in 1849.
1803 was the beginning of the Padri War, a bloody dispute with the Padri in Koto Tangah, when Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah was still 15 years old. He managed to escape to Padang, which at that time was controlled by United Kingdom. In Padang he lived as a commoner.
On 10 February 1821, along with 19 other adat leaders Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah signed an agreement to give Pagaruyung, Suruaso, Sungai Tarab and surrounding villages to the Dutch East Indies. They also promised to obey and comply with the Dutch East Indies government. In return the Netherlands would provide troops to aid in expelling the Padri.[1]
After most of the Tanah Datar were ruled by Dutch East Indies, Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah was restored as king of Pagaruyung, replacing the Sultan Muningsyah who died in 1825. At the same time he served as the regent of Tanah Datar.
On 11 January 1833, the Minangkabau rebelled against the Netherlands. Dutch parties, especially Lieutenant Colonel Elout, accused the Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah of being involved in the resistance. Therefore, on 2 May 1833 he was arrested and on 24 May he was exiled to Batavia in handcuffs. The Sultan was later released but not allowed to return to the Minangkabau.
He eventually died on 12 February 1849, and was buried in the cemetery at Mangga Dua. In 1975, with permission from the Indonesian government, his tomb was moved to the Cemetery of Heroes.
Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah had four wives: Siti Badi'ah, Puti Lenggogeni, Tuan Gadih Saruaso and Tuan Gadih Gapuak.
Family
His father was Yang Dipertuan Sultan Alam Muningsyah (II) or Sultan Abdul Fatah Sultan Abdul Jalil (I) or Yang Dipertuan Patah and his mother was Puti Reno Janji Tuan Gadih Pagaruyung XI.[2]
Minangkabau people, also known as Minang, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Minangkabau's West Sumatran homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the Malay race, and the location of the Padri War.
West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. The province has an area of 42,119.54 km2 (16,262.45 sq mi), with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census. The official estimate at mid 2022 was 5,640,629. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city.
Pagaruyung, also known as Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura, was a kingdom that once stood in the island of Sumatra and the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia.
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Fort van der Capellen is a small 19th-century Dutch fort in Batusangkar, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The town of Batusangkar grew considerably around the Fort van der Capellen. The fort was named after the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Godert van der Capellen.
Pagaruyung Palace is the istana of the former Pagaruyung Kingdom, located in Tanjung Emas subdistrict near Batusangkar town, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It was built in the traditional Minangkabau Rumah Gadang vernacular architectural style, but had a number of atypical elements including a three-story structure and a larger dimension in comparison to common rumah gadang.
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Negeri Sembilan Malay is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan and in northern Malacca in Alor Gajah. The language is spoken by the descendants of Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra, who have migrated to Negeri Sembilan since as early as the 14th century. It is often considered a variant or dialect of the Minangkabau language; lexical and phonological studies, however, indicate that it is more closely related to Standard Malay than it is to Minangkabau.
The Indonesian Malaysians are Malaysian citizens of Indonesian ancestry. Today, there are many Malaysian Malays who have lineage from the Indonesian archipelago and have played an important role in the history and contributed to the development of Malaysia, they have been assimilated with other Malay communities and are grouped as part of the foreign Malays or anak dagang in terms of race. The Malaysian census does not categorize ethnic groups from the Indonesian archipelago as a separate ethnic group, but rather as Malay or Bumiputera.
Rao Rao Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia located in Nagari Rao Rao, Tarab River, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. It is located on the road from Batusangkar bound to Bukittinggi, precisely in Rao Rao. This mosque of Minangkabau and Persian architecture was built in 1908 with a roof made from fibers before being changed to zinc.
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Tuanku Rao (1790-1833) was an Islamic cleric (ulama), leader and commander. He was known as a prominent padri, a group of Islamic reformists who advocated for the puritanical approach in Islam inspired by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the early 18th century West Sumatra. He also contributed to the proselytization of Islam among Batak people. He died during the Padri War in 1833.
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Marawa is a tricolour flag that consists of three vertical charts that feature the colours of the Minangkabau culture: black, red, and gold. It is not known for sure when this flag was first used, but it was officially adopted as the flag of the Pagaruyung Kingdom since its founding in 1347. This flag was also adopted by other kingdoms of the Minangkabau rantau such as the Inderapura Kingdom. A derivative of the flag is also currently used by Negeri Sembilan, a state in Malaysia with historical and cultural connections with the kingdom.
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