This article has an unclear citation style .(July 2023) |
Alternative names | Soya milk | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of origin | China | ||||||
Invented | a. 1365 [1] [2] | ||||||
33 kcal (138 kJ) | |||||||
| |||||||
Glycemic index | 34 (low) | ||||||
Soy milk | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 豆奶 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Literary Chinese name | |||||||||
Chinese | 豆乳 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | bean milk | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Archaic Chinese name | |||||||||
Chinese | 菽乳 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | bean milk | ||||||||
|
Soy milk,also known as soya milk or soymilk,is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans,boiling the mixture,and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil,water,and protein. Its original form is an intermediate product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in China, [3] it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the latter half of the 20th century,especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose intolerant.
Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt,soy cream,soy kefir,and soy-based cheese analogues. [4] [5] It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes,pancakes,smoothies,bread,mayonnaise,and baked goods. [6]
In some parts of China,the term 豆浆 dòujiāng (lit. "bean broth") is used for the traditional watery beverage produced as an intermediate product in the production of tofu,while store-bought products designed to imitate the flavor and consistency of dairy milk (and may contain a mixture of dairy and soy),are more often known as 豆奶dòunǎi ("bean milk").[ citation needed ]
In other countries,there are sometimes legal impediments to the equivalents of the name "soy milk". In such jurisdictions,the manufacturers of plant milks typically label their products the equivalent of "soy beverage" or "soy drink".[ citation needed ]
In the European Union,"milk" by law refers exclusively to "the normal mammary secretion obtained from one or more milkings without either addition thereto or extraction therefrom". [7] Only cow's milk is allowed to be named "milk" on packaging,and any other milks must state the name of the respective animal:for example,"goat milk" or "sheep milk". There are exceptions for traditional products such as coconut milk. [8] The usage of the term "soy milk" became the subject of a 2017 court case before the Court of Justice of the European Union after a German consumer protection group filed an unfair competition complaint about a company describing its soy and tofu products as 'milk' or 'cheese'. The Court of Justice ruled that such designations cannot be legally used for purely plant-based products and that additions indicating the plant origin of the products (soy milk) does not influence that prohibition. [9]
The earliest record of soybean milk is on a stone slab of the Eastern Han dynasty unearthed in China,on which is engraved the situation of making soy milk in ancient kitchens.
A tofu broth (doufujiang) c. 1365 was used during the Mongol Yuan. [1] [2] As doujiang ,this drink remains a common watery form of soy milk in China,usually prepared from fresh soybeans. The compendium of Materia Medica,which was completed in 1578,also has an evaluation of soymilk. Its use increased during the Qing dynasty,apparently due to the discovery that gently heating doujiang for at least 90 minutes hydrolyzed or helped to break down its undesirable raffinose and stachyose,oligosaccharides,which can cause flatulence and digestive pain among lactose-intolerant adults. [10] [11] By the 18th century,it was common enough that street vendors were hawking it; [12] in the 19th,it was also common to take a cup to tofu shops to get hot,fresh doujiang for breakfast. It was already often paired with youtiao,which was dipped into it. [13] The process was industrialized in early Republican China. By 1929,two Shanghai factories were selling over 1000 bottles a day and another in Beijing was almost as productive itself. [14] Following disruption from the Second World War and the Chinese Civil War,soy milk began to be marketed in soft drink-like fashion in Hong Kong,Singapore,and Japan in the 1950s. [15]
Soymilk was mentioned in various European letters from China beginning in the 17th century. [16] "Soy milk" entered the English language (as "soy-bean milk") in an 1897 USDA report. [17] [18] Li Yuying established Caséo-Sojaïne,the first soy milk "dairy",in Colombes,France,in 1910;he received the first British and American patents for soy milk manufacturing in 1912 and 1913. [14] J.A. Chard began production of "Soy Lac" in New York City,United States,in 1917. [14] Harry W. Miller—an American businessman forced to relocate his factory from Shanghai owing to World War II—was similarly compelled by the USDA and the US dairy industry to use the term "Soya Lac" rather than "soy milk". [14] John Harvey Kellogg had been working with what he called "soymilk" at his Battle Creek Sanitarium since 1930,but was similarly compelled to market his acidophilus-enriched beverage as "Soygal" when it began commercial production in 1942. [19]
A string of 40 court cases against Rich Products between 1949 and 1974 finally established that non-dairy "milks" and imitation dairy products were "a new and distinct food",rather than inferior and illegal knock-offs. [14] Cornell researchers established the enzyme lipoxygenase as responsible for the "beany" flavor of soy milk made in 1966;the same research established a process for reducing or eliminating the bean flavor from commercial products. [20] [21] With Tetra Pak cartons extending its shelf-life,Hong Kong-based Vitasoy reintroduced soy milk to the US market in 1980 and brought it to 20 other countries within a few years. [20] Alpro similarly began production in Belgium in 1980,quickly becoming Europe's leading producer. [20] New production technology and techniques began to permit soy beverages with an appreciably more milk-like flavor and consistency in the mid-1980s. [22]
Soy milk is made from whole soybeans or full-fat soy flour. [23] The dry beans are soaked in water for a minimum of three hours up to overnight depending on the temperature of the water. The rehydrated beans then undergo wet grinding with enough added water to give the desired solids content to the final product which has a protein content of 1–4%,depending on the method of production. [23] The ratio of water to beans on a weight basis is 10:1 for traditional soy milk. [23] The resulting slurry or purée is brought to a boil to improve its taste properties (see "Soy odor" below),by heat inactivating soybean trypsin inhibitor,and to sterilize the product. [23] [6] Heating at or near the boiling point is continued for a period of time,15–20 minutes,followed by the removal of insoluble residues (soy pulp fiber) by straining/filtration. [23]
Processing requires the use of an anti-foaming agent or natural defoamer during the boiling step. Bringing filtered soy milk to a boil avoids the problem of foaming. It is generally opaque,white or off-white in color,and approximately the same consistency as cow's milk. [23] Quality attributes during preparation include germination time for the beans used,acidity,total protein and carbohydrates,phytic acid content,and viscosity. [23] Raw soy milk may be sweetened,flavored,and fortified with micronutrients. [6] Once fully processed,soy milk products are typically sold in plastic bottles or plastic-coated cartons,such as tetrapaks. [6]
Traditional East Asian soymilk has a "beany" odor,partly of hexanal,considered disagreeable by most Westerners. This is caused by the lipooxygenase (LOX) in the soy oxidizing the fat in the beans. Rehydrating the beans allows the reaction to proceed with the oxygen gas dissolved in soaking water. [24] To eliminate the odor,one can either disable the LOX enzyme with heat or remove the oxygen dissolved in the water. The former can be achieved by soaking beans in hot water (a "hot grind"),skipping the soak entirely,or blanching the soy in water or steam first. [25] The latter can be achieved by a variety of chemical means,such as adding glucose and glucose oxidase to consume the oxygen. [26] The soybean cultivar also influences the odor [27] and a mutant cultivar lacking LOX completely has been produced. [28]
The issue and preference of soy odor also affects products made from soymilk,especially tofu. See Tofu § Flavor.
With soybean production increasing worldwide during the early 21st century, [4] and consumer interest in plant milks growing from demand in Asia,Europe,and the United States, [4] [5] [6] soy milk became the second-most consumed plant milk (after almond milk) by 2019. [29] [30] Soy milk sales declined in the United States during 2018–19, [5] [30] mainly due to the rising popularity of almond milk and loss of market share to the successful introduction of oat milk. [31]
According to market research in 2019,the worldwide market for soy milk was growing at an annual rate of 6%,and was forecast to reach $11 billion in total commerce by 2025. [32] Growth in consumption was due mainly to expanding the flavors of sweetened soy milks and uses in desserts,whereas unsweetened soy milk was being used particularly in Asia-Pacific countries as an ingredient in snacks and various prepared foods. [32]
A cup (243 mL) serving of a generic unsweetened commercial nutrient-fortified brand of soy milk provides 80 calories from 4 g of carbohydrates (including 1 g of sugar),4 g of fat and 7 g of protein. [33] This processed soy milk contains appreciable levels of vitamin A,B vitamins,and vitamin D in a range of 10 to 45% of the Daily Value,with calcium and magnesium also in significant content. [33]
It has a glycemic index of 34±4. [34] For protein quality,one study gave soya milk a Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of 78% for infants,99% for young children,and 117% for older children,adolescents,and adults,with the limiting amino acid for those groups being leucine,lysine,and valine respectively. [35] A DIAAS of 100% or more is considered to be an excellent/high protein quality source. [36]
Non-human milks are fortified
Nutrient value per 250 mL cup | Human milk [37] | Cow milk (whole) [38] | Soy milk (unsweetened) [39] | Almond milk (unsweetened) [40] | Oat milk (unsweetened) [41] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy,kJ (kcal) | 720 (172) | 620 (149) | 330 (80) | 160 (39) | 500 (120) |
Protein (g) | 2.5 | 7.69 | 6.95 | 1.55 | 3 |
Fat (g) | 10.8 | 7.93 | 3.91 | 2.88 | 5 |
Saturated fat (g) | 4.9 | 4.55 | 0.5 | 0.21 | 0.5 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 17.0 | 11.71 | 4.23 | 1.52 | 16 |
Fiber (g) | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 2 |
Sugars (g) | 17.0 | 12.32 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Calcium (mg) | 79 | 276 | 301 [a] | 516 [a] | 350 [a] |
Potassium (mg) | 125 | 322 | 292 | 176 | 389 |
Sodium (mg) | 42 | 105 | 90 | 186 | 101 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 0.1 | 1.10 | 2.70 | 0 | 1.2 |
Vitamin A (IU) | 522 | 395 [b] | 503 [a] | 372 [a] | - |
Vitamin D (IU) | 9.8 | 124 [c] | 119 [a] | 110 [a] | - |
Cholesterol (mg) | 34.4 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Doujiang | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese | 豆漿 | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 豆浆 | ||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | soybean broth | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
Historic name | |||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 豆腐漿 | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 豆腐浆 | ||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | tofu broth | ||||||||||||||||
|
Manufactured,sweetened soy milk has an oatmeal-like,nutty flavor. [42] In acidic hot drinks,such as coffee,curdling may occur,requiring some manufacturers to add acidity regulators. [43]
Soybeans,and soy milk in particular,contain phytic acid [ citation needed ],which may act as a chelating agent and inhibit mineral absorption,especially for diets already low in minerals. [44] [45] However,dietary intake of phytic acid may help reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. [46] [47]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(January 2020) |
Soy milk is a common beverage in East Asian cuisines.
In many countries,soy milk is used in vegan and vegetarian food products and as a substituve replacement for cow's milk in many recipes. [29] [4] Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt,soy cream,soy kefir and soy-based cheese analogues. [4] [5] It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes,pancakes,smoothies,bread,mayonnaise,and baked goods. [6]
Milk types | Water use (L per 200 g) |
---|---|
Cow's milk | |
Almond milk | |
Rice milk | |
Oat milk | |
Soy milk |
Milk Types | Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-Ceq per 200g) |
---|---|
Cow milk | |
Rice milk | |
Soy milk | |
Oat milk | |
Almond milk |
Using soybeans to make milk instead of raising cows is ecologically advantageous. [49] [50] Cows require much more energy to produce milk, since the farmer must feed the animal, which can consume up to 24 kilograms (53 lb) of food in dry matter basis and 90 to 180 litres (24 to 48 US gal) of water a day, producing an average of 40 kilograms (88 lb) of milk a day. Legumes, including the soybean plant, also replenish the nitrogen content of the soil in which they are grown.[ citation needed ]
The cultivation of soybeans in South America is a cause of deforestation [51] (specifically in the Amazon rainforest) and a range of other large-scale environmental harm. [52] However, the majority of soybean cultivation worldwide, especially in South America where cattle farming is widespread, is intended for livestock fodder rather than soy milk production. [51]
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Tempeh or tempe is a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans. It is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form. A fungus, Rhizopus oligosporus or Rhizopus oryzae, is used in the fermentation process and is also known as tempeh starter.
Nattō is a traditional Japanese food made from whole soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. It is often served as a breakfast food with rice. It is served with karashi mustard, soy or tare sauce, and sometimes Japanese bunching onion. Within Japan, nattō is most popular in the eastern regions, including Kantō, Tōhoku, and Hokkaido.
Kikkoman Corporation is a Japanese food manufacturer. Its main products and services include soy sauce, food seasoning and flavoring, mirin, shōchū, and sake, juice and other beverages, pharmaceuticals, and restaurant management services. As of 2002, the company was the world's largest producer of soy sauce. As of 2024, the company's motto is "To promote the international exchange of food culture."
Rice milk is a plant milk made from rice. Commercial rice milk is typically manufactured using brown rice and brown rice syrup, and may be sweetened using sugar or sugar substitutes, and flavored by common ingredients, such as vanilla. It is commonly fortified with protein and micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, calcium, iron, or vitamin D.
Almond milk is a plant-based milk substitute with a watery texture and nutty flavor manufactured from almonds, although some types or brands are flavored in imitation of cow's milk. It does not contain cholesterol or lactose and is low in saturated fat. Almond milk is often consumed by those who are lactose-intolerant and others, such as vegans, who do not consume dairy products. Commercial almond milk comes in sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla and chocolate flavors, and is usually fortified with micronutrients. It can also be made at home using a blender, almonds and water.
Tofu skin, yuba, beancurd skin, beancurd sheet, or beancurd robes is a food item made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin. Since tofu skin is not produced using a coagulant, it is not technically a proper tofu; however, it does have a similar texture and flavor to some tofu products.
Plant milk is a category of non-dairy beverages made from a water-based plant extract for flavoring and aroma. Nut milk is a subcategory made from nuts, while other plant milks may be created from grains, pseudocereals, legumes, seeds or coconut. Plant-based milks are consumed as alternatives to dairy milk and provide similar qualities, such as a creamy mouthfeel, as well as a bland or palatable taste. Many are sweetened or flavored.
Fermented tofu is a Chinese condiment consisting of a form of processed, preserved tofu used in East Asian cuisine. The ingredients typically are soybeans, salt, rice wine and sesame oil or vinegar. In mainland China the product is often freshly distributed. In overseas Chinese communities living in Southeast Asia, commercially packaged versions are often sold in jars containing blocks 2- to 4-cm square by 1 to 2 cm thick soaked in brine with select flavorings.
Silk is an American brand of dairy-substitute products currently owned by Danone after it purchased WhiteWave Foods in 2016.
Okara, soy pulp, or tofu dregs is a pulp consisting of insoluble parts of the soybean that remain after pureed soybeans are filtered in the production of soy milk and tofu. It is generally white or yellowish in color. It is part of the traditional cuisines of Japan, Korea, and China. Since the 20th century, it has been used in the vegetarian cuisines of Western nations.
Oat milk is a plant milk derived from whole oat grains by extracting the plant material with water. Oat milk has a creamy texture and mild oatmeal-like flavor, and is manufactured in various flavors, such as sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla, and chocolate.
Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean. It is made from soybean meal that has been dehulled and defatted. Dehulled and defatted soybeans are processed into three kinds of high protein commercial products: soy flour, concentrates, and isolates. Soy protein isolate has been used since 1959 in foods for its functional properties.
Tofu is a food prepared by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into solid white blocks of varying softness: silken, soft, firm, extra firm. Tofu is translated as bean curd in English. Tofu originated in China and has been consumed in the country for over 2,000 years. Tofu is a traditional component of many East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines; in modern Western cooking, it is often used as a meat substitute.
Plamil Foods Is a British manufacturer of vegan food products. Founded in 1965, the company has produced and pioneered soy milk, egg-free mayonnaise, pea-based milk, yogurts, confection bars and chocolate.
Wotou or wowotou, also called Chinese cornbread, is a type of steamed bread made from cornmeal in Northern China.
Vegan cheese is a category of non-dairy, plant-based cheese analogues. Vegan cheeses range from soft fresh cheeses to aged and cultured hard grateable cheeses like plant-based Parmesan. The defining characteristic of vegan cheese is the exclusion of all animal products.
The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook is a vegan cookbook by Louise Hagler, first published in 1975. It was influential in introducing Americans to tofu, included recipes for making and using tempeh and other soy foods, and became a staple in vegetarian kitchens.
William Roy Shurtleff also known as Bill Shurtleff is an American researcher and writer about soy foods. Shurtleff and his former wife Akiko Aoyagi have written and published consumer-oriented cookbooks, handbooks for small- and large-scale commercial production, histories, and bibliographies of various soy foods. These books introduced soy foods such as tofu, tempeh, and miso on a wide scale to non-Asian Westerners, and are largely responsible for the establishment of non-Asian soy food manufacturers in the West beginning in the late 1970s. In 1980, Lorna Sass wrote in The New York Times, "The two people most responsible for catapulting tofu from the wok into the frying pan are William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi." In 1995, Suzanne Hamlin wrote in The New York Times, "At the turn of the century there were two tofu suppliers in the United States. Today there are more than 200 tofu manufacturers...and tofu can be found in nearly every supermarket."
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)