Related Research Articles
Austria-Hungary,also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy,was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance,it consisted of two sovereign states with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy:it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria in 1918.
Pan-Slavism,a movement that took shape in the mid-19th century,is the political ideology concerned with promoting integrity and unity for the Slavic people. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans,where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries. These were mainly the Byzantine Empire,Austria-Hungary,the Ottoman Empire,and Venice.
Transylvania is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe,encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș,and occasionally Banat. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring Western Moldavia and even a small part of south-western neighbouring Bukovina to its north east.
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria,King of Hungary,and the ruler of the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916. In the early part of his reign,his realms and territories were referred to as the Austrian Empire,but were reconstituted as the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866,he was also president of the German Confederation.
Early modern Europe,also referred to as the post-medieval period,is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution,roughly the mid 15th century to the late 18th century. Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s,the Fall of Constantinople and end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453,the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1485,the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s,the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492,or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England.
Ferdinand I was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556,King of Bohemia,Hungary,and Croatia from 1526,and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. Before his accession as emperor,he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the House of Habsburg in the name of his elder brother,Charles V,Holy Roman Emperor. Also,he often served as Charles' representative in the Holy Roman Empire and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. In addition,Ferdinand also developed valuable relationships with the German banking house of Jakob Fugger and the Catalan bank,Banca Palenzuela Levi Kahana.
The Austrian Empire,officially known as the Empire of Austria,was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867,created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence,it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom,while geographically,it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary,which was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary,being separate from,and no longer subject to,the Austrian Empire. The compromise put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary which Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary was restored. The agreement also restored the old historic constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary.
Galicia is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine,long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia and Lesser Poland.
The Habsburg monarchy,also known as Habsburg Empire,or Habsburg Realm,was the collection of empires,kingdoms,duchies,counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Austrian monarchy or the Danubian monarchy.
The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire,but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526,the country was ruled by two crowned kings. Initially,the exact territory under Habsburg rule was disputed because both rulers claimed the whole kingdom. This unsettled period lasted until 1570 when John Sigismund Zápolya abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor Maximilian II's favor.
The Duchy of Bukovina was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918.
Buchach is a city located on the Strypa River in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Buchach urban hromada,one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Buchach rests 135 kilometres south-east of Lviv,in the historic region of Halychyna (Galicia). The city was located in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions,followed by the Habsburg monarchy (1772–1804),Austrian Empire (1804–1867),Austria-Hungary (1867–1918),West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919),the Second Polish Republic (1919–1939),and the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union (1939–1991). The population was estimated at 12,171.
Magyarization,after "Magyar"—the Hungarian autonym—was an assimilation or acculturation process by which non-Hungarian nationals living in the Kingdom of Hungary,then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,adopted the Hungarian national identity and language in the period between the Compromise of 1867 and Austria-Hungary's dissolution in 1918. Magyarization occurred both voluntarily and as a result of social pressure,and was mandated in certain respects by specific government policies.
The Great Migrations of the Serbs,also known as the Great Exoduses of the Serbs,were two migrations of Serbs from various territories under the rule of the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Hungary under the Habsburg monarchy.
The Metropolitanate of Karlovci was a metropolitanate of the Eastern Orthodox Church that existed in the Habsburg monarchy between 1708 and 1848. Between 1708 and 1713,it was known as the Metropolitanate of Krušedol,and between 1713 and 1848,as the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. In 1848,it was elevated to the Patriarchate of Karlovci,which existed until 1920,when it was merged with the Metropolitanate of Belgrade and other Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions in the newly established Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes to form the Serbian Orthodox Church.
The revolutions of 1848,known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations,were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year,from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date.
The Austrian Partition comprises the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired by the Habsburg monarchy during the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. The three partitions were conducted jointly by the Russian Empire,the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria,resulting in the complete elimination of the Polish Crown. Austria acquired Polish lands during the First Partition of 1772,and Third Partition of Poland in 1795. In the end,the Austrian sector encompassed the second-largest share of the Commonwealth's population after Russia;over 2.65 million people living on 128,900 km2 of land constituting the formerly south-central part of the Republic.
Anti-Hungarian sentiment is dislike,distrust,discrimination,or xenophobia directed against the Hungarians. It can involve hatred,grievance,distrust,intimidation,fear,and hostility towards the Hungarian people,language and culture.
Hartmut Johann Otto Pogge von Strandmann is a German historian and academic,who was Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford between 1996 and 2005.
References
- 1 2 Who's Who 2008, p.737
- ↑ Czech Embassy London Facebook post, 6 November 2019: 'Celebrating 30th Anniversary of the Velvet Revolution and Awarding Ceremony of Jan Masaryk Silver Medal, 5th of November 2019, London – Hampstead, Ambassador´s Residence/Oslavy 30. výročí sametové revoluce a slavnostní předání Medaile Jana Masaryka, 5. listopadu 2019 v Londýně – Hampstead, rezidence velvyslance.' accessed 8/11/2019, 13.35 GMT
- ↑ "Stříbrná medaile Jana Masaryka".
