QuickTime Graphics

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QuickTime Graphics is a lossy video compression and decompression algorithm (codec) developed by Apple Inc. and first released as part of QuickTime 1.x in the early 1990s. [1] The codec is also known by the name Apple Graphics and its FourCC SMC. [2] [1] The codec operates on 8-bit palettized RGB data. [1] The bit-stream format of QuickTime Graphics has been reverse-engineered and a decoder has been implemented in the projects XAnim and libavcodec. [3] [2]

Contents

Technical Details

The input video that the codec operates on is in an 8-bit palettized RGB colorspace. Compression is achieved by conditional replenishment and by reducing the palette from 256 colors to a per-4×4 block adaptive palette of 1-16 colors. Because Apple Video operates in the image domain without motion compensation, decoding is much faster than MPEG-style codecs which use motion compensation and perform coding in a transform domain. As a tradeoff, the compression performance of Apple Graphics is lower. The decoding complexity is approximately 50% that of the QuickTime Animation codec. [4]

Each frame is segmented into 4×4 blocks in raster-scan order. Each block can be coded in one of the following coding modes: skip mode, single color, 2-, 4-, and 8 color palette modes, two repeat modes, and PCM.

Skip mode

The skip mode realizes conditional replenishment. If a block is coded in skip mode, the content of the block at same location in the previous frame is copied to the current frame. [1] Runs of skip blocks are coded in a run-length encoding scheme, enabling a high compression ratio in static areas of the picture. [1]

Single color

In single color mode, the entire 4×4 block is painted with a single color. [1] This mode can also be considered as a 1-color palette mode.

Palette (2, 4, or 8-color) modes

In the palette modes, each 4×4 block is coded with a 2, 4, or 8-color palette. [1] To select one of the colors from the palette, 1, 2, or 3 bits per pixel are used, respectively. The palette can be written to the bitstream either explicitly or as a reference to an entry in the palette cache. [1] The palette cache is a set of three circular buffers which store the 256 most recently used palettes, one each for of the 2, 4, and 8-color modes. [1]

Interpreted as vector quantization, three-dimensional vectors with components red, green, and blue are quantized using a forward adaptive codebook with between 1 and 8 entries.

Repeat modes

There are two different repeat modes. [1] In the single block repeat mode, the previous block is repeated a specified number of times. [1] In the two block repeat mode, the previous two blocks are repeated a specified number of times. [1]

PCM (16 color) mode

In 16-color mode, the color of each pixel in a block is explicitly written to the bit-stream. [1] This mode is lossless and equivalent to raw PCM without any compression.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Apple SMC". MultimediaWiki. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  2. 1 2 "FFmpeg Documentation". FFmpeg. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  3. ↑ Mark Podlipec (10 December 1997). "xanim.2.70.6.4.2 README". XAnim. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  4. ↑ "QuickTime Compression and Decompression Guide" (PDF). Apple Computer, Inc. 10 January 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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