Plantaginaceae

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Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis at Kadavoor.jpg
Scoparia dulcis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Juss. [1]
Type genus
Plantago
L.
Tribes
Synonyms [2]
  • Antirrhinaceae Pers.
  • Aragoaceae D.Don
  • Callitrichaceae Link nom. cons.
  • Chelonaceae Martinov
  • Digitalaceae Martinov
  • Ellisiophyllaceae Honda
  • Globulariaceae DC. nom. cons.
  • Gratiolaceae Martinov
  • Hippuridaceae Vest nom. cons.
  • Littorellaceae Gray
  • Psylliaceae Horan.
  • Sibthorpiaceae D.Don
  • Veronicaceae Cassel

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

Contents

Overview

The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera: Bougueria , Littorella , and Plantago . However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae sensu stricto (in the strict sense) were nested within Scrophulariaceae (but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia ). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including Plantago . Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003) [3] chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym.

A group of genera including Lindernia has now been segregated [4] [5] as the family Linderniaceae, [6] which is recognized by Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family".

Plantaginaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) are a diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche ). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish. [4]

The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs.

The structure and form of the flowers is variable. Some genera are 4-merous (i.e., with 4 sepals and 4 petals), such as Aragoa (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such as Sibthorpia. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The corolla is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the androecium is formed before the corolla.

The fruit is a loculicidal capsule, dehiscing through the partitions between the cells. [7]

Genera

Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India. Bacopa monnieri W IMG 1612.jpg
Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India.
Matourea azurea in Kerala Achetaria azurea at Kadavoor.jpg
Matourea azurea in Kerala

The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 107 genera [8] and about 1,900 species. [9] The largest genus is Veronica, with about 450 species. Veronica also includes the genera Hebe, Parahebe and Synthyris, formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated.

Tribe Angelonieae
Tribe Antirrhineae
Tribe Callitricheae
Tribe Cheloneae
Tribe Digitalideae
Tribe Globularieae
Tribe Gratioleae
Tribe Hemiphragmeae
Tribe Plantagineae
Tribe Russelieae
Tribe Sibthorpieae
Tribe Veroniceae
Tribe unknown

Although GRIN includes Lafuentea Lag. in the tribe Antirrhineae, [11] in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2013) [23] it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005). [4] For the time being it should be considered an outgroup.

Excluded genera

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scrophulariaceae</span> Figwort family of flowering plants

The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aristolochiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Aristolochiaceae are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juglandaceae</span> Walnut family of trees

The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aizoaceae</span> Family of dicotyledonous flowering plants

The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and New Zealand. Highly succulent species that resemble stones are sometimes called mesembs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verbenaceae</span> Family of flowering plants comprising vervains

The Verbenaceae, the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Passifloraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onagraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees in 17 genera. The family is widespread, occurring on every continent from boreal to tropical regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paulowniaceae</span> Family of trees

Paulowniaceae are a family of flowering plants within the Lamiales. They are a monophyletic and monogeneric family of trees with currently 7 confirmed species. They were formerly placed within Scrophulariaceae sensu lato, or as a segregate of the Bignoniaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrymaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nyctaginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Nyctaginaceae, the four o'clock family, is a family of around 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. The family has a distinctive fruit type called an accessory fruit or anthocarp, and many genera have extremely large pollen grains.

<i>Rehmannia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Rehmannia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales and family Orobanchaceae, endemic to China. It has been placed as the only member of the monotypic tribe Rehmannieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that it forms a clade with Triaenophora. Contrary to the immense majority of the taxa of Orobanchaceae, Rehmannia is not parasitic.

<i>Capraria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Capraria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is sometimes placed in the families Gratiolaceae, Plantaginaceae, or Veronicaceae. The name is derived from the Latin word caprarius, meaning "pertaining to goats." This refers to goats being one of the few herbivores that will graze on the plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goodeniaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linderniaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Linderniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, which consists of about 25 genera and 265 species occurring worldwide. Vandellia micrantha is eaten in Laos, but tastes bitter. Best known are the wishbone flowers Torenia fournieri and Torenia thouarsii, which are used as bedding plants, especially in the tropics. Micranthemum is sold as an aquarium plant when it is called 'baby tears'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrachondraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Tetrachondraceae is a plant family in the order Lamiales. The family contains the two genera Polypremum and Tetrachondra, which together comprise the three species:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helicteroideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Helicteroideae is a subfamily of the family Malvaceae. Some taxonomists place genera in Helicteroideae in distinct families Durionaceae and Helicteraceae, while others recognizes the tribes Durioneae and Helictereae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stilbaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Stilbaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Montiaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 14 genera with about 230 known species, ranging from small herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antirrhineae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

The Antirrhineae are one of the 12 tribes of the family Plantaginaceae. It contains the toadflax relatives, such as snapdragons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mazaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Mazaceae is a family of plants in the order Lamiales. The family was described by James L. Reveal in 2011. Genera in this family were most recently previously included in Phrymaceae and in older classifications were placed in Scrophulariaceae.

References

  1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . hdl: 10654/18083 . Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ↑ "Family: Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  3. ↑ Olmstead, Richard G. (2002). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?" (PDF). Fremontia. 30: 13–22.
  4. 1 2 3 Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID   21652407.
  5. ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R. G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae". Taxon. 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR   25065369.
  6. ↑ Rahmanzadeh, R.; Müller, K.; Fischer, E.; Bartels, D.; Borsch, T. (2005). "The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)". Plant Biology. 7 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830444. PMID   15666207. S2CID   260252656.
  7. ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon. 56 (1): 7–12. doi: 10.2307/25065731 . JSTOR   25065731.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Plantaginaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  9. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  10. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Angelonieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  11. 1 2 "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Antirrhineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  12. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Callitricheae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  13. ↑ Crosswhite, Frank S.; Kawano, Shoichi (1970). "Pennellianthus (Scrophulariaceae)--A New Genus of Japan and USSR". The American Midland Naturalist. 83 (2): 358–367. doi:10.2307/2423949. JSTOR   2423949 . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  14. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Cheloneae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  15. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Digitalideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  16. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Globularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  17. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  18. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Hemiphragmeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  19. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Plantagineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  20. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Russelieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  21. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Sipthorpieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  22. ↑ "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Veroniceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  23. ↑ Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Vargas, Pablo (February 2013). "A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (2): 234–249. doi:10.1086/668790. JSTOR   10.1086/668790. S2CID   85302392.
  24. ↑ "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Plantaginaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2011-04-28.

Bibliography

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