Passiflora edulis

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Passiflora edulis
Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg
Flower
Passion fruits - whole and halved.jpg
Fruit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Genus: Passiflora
Species:
P. edulis
Binomial name
Passiflora edulis
Sims, 1818

Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a vine species of passion flower native to the region of southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina. [1] It is cultivated commercially in tropical and subtropical areas for its sweet, seedy fruit.

Contents

The fruit is a pepo, a type of berry, round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit is both eaten and juiced, with the juice often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma.

Etymology

The passion fruit is so called because it is one of the many species of passion flower, the English translation of the Latin genus name, Passiflora. [1] Around 1700, the name was given by missionaries in Brazil as an educational aid while trying to convert the indigenous inhabitants to Christianity; its name was flor das cinco chagas or "flower of the five wounds" to illustrate the crucifixion of Christ, with other plant components also named after an emblem in the Passion of Jesus. [2]

Description

Passiflora edulis is a perennial vine; tendrils are borne in leaf axils, and have a red or purple hue when young. There are two main varieties: a purple-fruited type, P. edulis f. edulis, and the yellow-fruited P. edulis f. flavicarpa. [3] [4]

Usually the vine produces a single flower 5–7.5 cm wide at each node. [1] [5] The flower has 5 oblong, green sepals and 5 white petals. [6] The sepals and petals are 4-6mm in length and form a fringe. [6] The base of the flower is a rich purple with 5 stamens, an ovary, and a branched style. [1] The styles bend backward and the stigmas, which are located on top of the styles, have a very distinct head. [6]

The fruit produced is entirely fleshy (making it botanically a berry), and is spherical to ovoid. [3] The outside color of the berry ranges from dark-purple with fine white specks to light yellow. [1] The fruit is 4–7.5 cm in diameter; purple fruits are smaller, weighing around 35 grams, while yellow fruits are closer to 80 grams. [3] The smooth, leathery rind is 9–13 mm thick, including a thick layer of pith. [1] [3] Within the berry, there are typically 250 brown seeds, each 2.4 mm in length. [6] Each seed is surrounded by a membranous sac filled with pulpy juice. [1] The flavor of the juice is slightly acidic and musky. [1] The passion fruit's flavor can be compared to the guava fruit. [1]

Varieties

Yellow and purple passion fruit variety (P. edulis var. flavicarpa) comparison Passionfruit comparison.jpg
Yellow and purple passion fruit variety (P. edulis var. flavicarpa) comparison
Passionfruit (whole and half).jpg

Several distinct varieties of passion fruit with clearly differing exterior appearances exist. [1] The bright yellow flavicarpa variety, also known as yellow or golden passion fruit, can grow up to the size of a grapefruit, has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a rootstock for purple passion fruit in Australia. [1] The dark purple edulis variety is smaller than a lemon, though it is less acidic than yellow passion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavour.

Uses

Passion fruit has a variety of uses related to its favored taste as whole fruit and juice. [1]

Nutrition

Passion fruit (granadilla)
purple, raw per 100 grams
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 406 kJ (97 kcal)
22.4 g
Sugars 11.2 g
Dietary fiber 10.4 g
Fat
0.7 g
2.2 g
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
7%
64 μg
7%
743 μg
Riboflavin (B2)
10%
0.13 mg
Niacin (B3)
9%
1.5 mg
Vitamin B6
6%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Choline
1%
7.6 mg
Vitamin C
33%
30 mg
Vitamin K
1%
0.7 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
12 mg
Iron
9%
1.6 mg
Magnesium
7%
29 mg
Phosphorus
5%
68 mg
Potassium
12%
348 mg
Sodium
1%
28 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water72.9 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [11] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [12]

Raw passion fruit is 73% water, 22% carbohydrates, 2% protein and 0.7% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw passion fruit supplies 97 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (33% DV) and a moderate source (10–19% DV) of riboflavin and potassium (table). No other micronutrients are in significant content.

Phytochemicals

Several varieties of passion fruit are rich in polyphenol content. [13] [14] Yellow varieties of the fruit were found to contain prunasin and other cyanogenic glycosides in the peel and juice. [Note 1] [15]

Cultivation

Unripe passion fruit Unripe passion fruit.jpg
Unripe passion fruit

Passion fruit is widely grown in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. [1] In the United States, it is cultivated in Florida, Hawaii, and California. [16] They generally have to be protected from frost, although certain cultivars have survived light frosts after heavy pruning of affected areas. [17]

Pollination

The flower of the yellow-fruited form of the passion fruit plant is self-sterile, while that of the purple-fruited form is self-compatible. [1] In California, it is reported that pollination of flowers is most effective when done by the carpenter bee. [18] [19] There are three types of yellow passion fruit flowers, classified by curvature of style. [1] To help assure the presence of carpenter bees, some gardeners place decaying logs near the vines, which provide shelter for the bees. [20]

Diseases

Viruses

Passion fruit woodiness virus is one of the most well-known viruses to the passion fruit. It belongs to the Potyvirus group and can attack a plant at any age from nursery to mature plants. Some features include yellow leaves that display distortion in the leaf length and shape. As well as affecting the leaf, this virus influences fruit shape and size. Affected fruits become stone-like and much smaller than normal, with many fruits becoming scabbed and cracked. The virus is spread by sap-sucking insects such as aphids and mites. Woodiness can also spread through vegetation propagation such as infected scions or contaminated tools. There is no chemical control for this virus once the plant is infected, but the use of clean planting material can reduce its dissemination. [21]

One of the most serious viruses pertaining to vegetation is the cucumber mosaic virus. In the passion fruit, this virus appears with yellow mottling on leaves starting at random points on the vine and diminishing in intensity towards the tip. Expanding leaves typically become twisted, curl downward, and develop a "shoestring" appearance as a result of a restriction of the leaf surface. It is mobile and can spread easily through interactions with other plants such as brushing between leaves. This virus is naturally transmitted through aphids and can also be transmitted mechanically through seedlings. Varietal resistance is the primary management tool, and eliminating weeds and infected perennial ornamentals that may harbor the virus is critical. Once the plant has been infected, there is no possible management of control for the virus. [21]

Phytoplasma

Overshooting is the term used when Phytoplasma , a specialized bacterium, attacks the phloem of a plant. Phytoplasma infection is characterized by chlorotic small leaves, shortening of internodes, excessive lateral shoots and abnormal flowers. Although there have been reports of this disease within the passion fruit plant, [22] many infected plants are affected without visible signs of disease. Although Phytoplasma can be spread through grafting, it can be inhibited by periodic inspection of plant nurseries and areas that have had past infections. [22] Overshooting responds to treatment with tetracycline, a common broad-spectrum antibiotic.[ citation needed ]

Bacteria

Bacterial leaf spot, which causes vein clearing, forms bright yellow colonies causing infection and leaf wilt and, eventually, deterioration of fruit pulp, especially of young fruits. Under favorable conditions for the bacteria, infection occurs through natural openings or wounds from other pathogens that affect leaf inter-cellular spaces. Fertilizers or a copper chloride and mancozeb mixture can control the intensity of the disease, but are not a cure. [23]

The bacterial grease-spot of the passion fruit is caused by Pseudomonas syringae. [24] It appears with olive-green to brown greasy-looking spots or brown, sunken circular lesions. On a later stage, a hard crust can cover the lesions showing a chlorotic halo. Affecting mainly the stomata, the grease-spot thrives in high temperatures and high relative humidity. To avoid infection, measures that may be adopted include planting seeds from healthy plants and using existing healthy areas. Fungicide controls can aid in preventing further infection. [24]

Fungal diseases

Collar rot disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium solani . It is characterized by necrotic lesions at the collar region, browning of the stem at soil level, and dark discoloration of the stem. The rotting stem interferes with food and water transport within the plant, leading to withering of the plant until death. Infection occurs mostly through contaminated soil and infected plants which cause the plants to survive for only a few weeks. There are no chemical controls. Management includes planting seedlings in unaffected areas and using clean tools. [23]

The fungus called fusarium wilt commonly occurs in adult plants and is caused by Fusarium oxysporum . The pathogen has ability to survive for long periods, penetrating roots, invading the xylem and preventing the transport of water and nutrients to other organs of the plant. Once infected, this disease causes leaves to yellow and browning of the vascular system until it wilts and dies. It occurs in any type of soil infecting all plants. Management of crops include planting clean seedlings, uprooting and burning infected plants, and using sterilized tools. [25]

The anthracnose, a canker caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, is a pathogen of the passion fruit creating dark and sunken lesions of the trunk. [26] By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Many leaves die due to the foliar lesions and the skin of fruits becomes papery. Under warm and humid conditions, this disease can worsen, causing red and orange spores eventually killing the plant. Infection is carried out through the residues of the passion flower, infected seeds, seedlings, and cuttings. Managing this disease involves a combination of using pathogen-free seedlings, eliminating infected areas, and improving ventilation and light conditions. Copper-based fungicides on injured areas can prevent the spread of disease. [26]

In culture

Passion fruit flower is the national flower of Paraguay. [27] In 2006, singer-songwriter Paula Fuga released the popular song "Lilikoi", the Hawaiian language word for passion fruit; the song is featured on an album also named after the fruit. [28] Hip-hop artist Drake released the hit song "Passionfruit" in 2017.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Specific mention of P. edulis f. flavicarpa juice and peel

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<i>Passiflora foetida</i> Species of carnivorous plant

Passiflora foetida is a species of passion flower that is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and much of South America. It has been introduced to tropical regions around the world, such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, Hawaii, Africa, and The Maldives. It is a creeping vine like other members of the genus, and yields an edible fruit. The specific epithet, foetida, means "stinking" in Latin and refers to the strong aroma emitted by damaged foliage.

<i>Passiflora caerulea</i> Species of flowering plant in the passion flower family Passifloraceae

Passiflora caerulea, the blue passionflower, bluecrown passionflower or common passion flower, is a species of flowering plant native to South America. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is a vigorous, deciduous or semi-evergreen tendril vine growing to 10 m (33 ft) or more. Its leaves are palmate, and its fragrant flowers are blue-white with a prominent fringe of coronal filaments in bands of blue, white, yellow, and brown. The ovoid orange fruit, growing to 6 cm (2 in), is edible, but is variously described as having a bland, undesirable, or insipid taste. In South America, the plant is known for its medicinal properties, and is used by both the Toba and the Maka peoples.

<i>Passiflora quadrangularis</i> Species of vine

Passiflora quadrangularis, the giant granadilla, barbadine (Trinidad), grenadine (Haiti), giant tumbo or badea, is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It produces the largest fruit of any species within the genus Passiflora. It is a perennial climber native to the Neotropics.

<i>Passiflora incarnata</i> Species of vine

Passiflora incarnata, commonly known as maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild apricot, and wild passion vine, is a fast-growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. A member of the passionflower genus Passiflora, the maypop has large, intricate flowers with prominent styles and stamens. One of the hardiest species of passionflower, it is both found as a wildflower in the southern United States and in cultivation for its fruit and striking bluish purple blooms.

<i>Passiflora ligularis</i> Species of plant

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<i>Passiflora tarminiana</i> Species of plant

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Passiflora maliformis, the sweet calabash, conch apple, wild purple passionfruit, or sweet cup, is a smallish passionfruit with purple, yellow or green skin and a greyed-yellow to orange pulp that is aromatically scented and flavoured. It is a fast-growing vine, growing best in somewhat cooler-than-tropical climates. The rind is particularly hard and tougher than most passionfruits. It is usually eaten fresh or used to flavour drinks. It is a native to the Caribbean, Central America and Northern South America.

<i>Passiflora laurifolia</i> Species of vine

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<i>Passiflora nitida</i> Species of vine

Passiflora nitida, the bell apple, is a tasty, but relatively unknown passion fruit. It is similar to P. laurifolia, with orange-yellow fruits that have a sweet, succulent pulp. It is a fast-growing tropical vine. Its flowers are blue and red, a bit like P. laurifolia and P. quadrangularis. The fruits grow up to 4 centimetres (1.6 in). The exact hardiness in unknown, but it is tropical and should be protected from prolonged temperatures below 50–55 °F (10–13 °C). It is not frost hardy. Passiflora nitida is the cousin of almost all the Passiflora species like P. actinia, P. flavicarpa, P. loefgrenii and so on. Its propagation is by seeds. The fruits are eaten fresh and reportedly quite good in flavor. The bell apple is a native to the Amazon jungle region. Passiflora nitida is also a useful fruit in a drink called Purple Passion. Passiflora nitida has one of the widest geographic ranges. It grows in the tropical lowlands from Costa Rica in the north and French Guiana in the northeast, through wide parts of Brazil.

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Passiflora suberosa is a species of passionflower that is native to the Americas. It is commonly known as corkystem passionflower due to the corkiness of older stems. Other common names include corky passion vine, cork-bark passion flower, corkstem passionflower and corky passionfruit. In Latin America it is called Meloncillo. It is possibly also cryptic and have multiple species in one.

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Passiflora glandulosa, more commonly known as wild passion fruit, is a short deciduous climbing plant with stems that can grow up to 20 m (66 ft) long. The genus Passiflora is known for its colorful flowers, which is also prominent in the glandulosa species. Named by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1790, Passiflora glandulosa is native to many regions of the northeast coast of South America, having a neotropic distribution. In specific, Passiflora glandulosa is heavily populated in Guyana, Suriname, Brazil and French Guiana.

References

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  2. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2014). "Passion-fruit". The Oxford Companion to Food (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 597. ISBN   978-0-19-104072-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Yahia, E.M. (2011). Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Mangosteen to White Sapote. Elsevier Science. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-85709-261-8 . Retrieved Jun 1, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Passiflora edulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  5. ↑ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 168–171.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Passifora edulis (passionfruit)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 21 January 2016.
  7. ↑ "Mondulkiri Passion Fruit Wine". Cambodia Explorer. May 28, 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Ngotho A (October 30, 2012). "Passion fruit farming the next frontier in agribusiness". The Star, Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  9. ↑ Sridhar, P. (8 November 2011). "HRS cultivating 'passion fruit'". The Hindu. The Hindu, India. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  10. ↑ Sunarjono, H. Hendro (2008). Berkebun 21 Jenis Tanaman Buah [Gardening 21 Types of Fruit Plants] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Niaga Swadaya. p. 136. ISBN   978-979-489-843-7.
  11. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  12. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  13. ↑ Talcott ST, Percival SS, Pittet-Moore J, Celoria C (2003). "Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)". J Agric Food Chem. 51 (4): 935–41. doi:10.1021/jf020769q. PMID   12568552.
  14. ↑ Devi Ramaiya S, Bujang JS, Zakaria MH, King WS, Shaffiq Sahrir MA (2013). "Sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in passion fruit (Passiflora) cultivars". J Sci Food Agric. 93 (5): 1198–1205. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5876. PMID   23027609.
  15. ↑ Chassagne D, Crouzet JC, Bayonove CL, Baumes RL (1996). "Identification and Quantification of Passion Fruit Cyanogenic Glycosides". J Agric Food Chem. 44 (12): 3817–3820. doi:10.1021/jf960381t.
  16. ↑ "Passion fruit: Passiflora edulis / P. edulis flavicarpa, Passifloraceae". California Rare Fruit Growers. 1996. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  17. ↑ Schotsmans, W. C; Fischer, G. (2011). "Passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis Sim.)". Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Elsevier. pp. 125–143. doi:10.1533/9780857092618.125. ISBN   978-0-85709-090-4.
  18. ↑ "Passion Fruit". California Rare Fruit Growers. 1996. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  19. ↑ Yamamoto, Marcela; da Silva, Cláudia Inês; Augusto, Solange Cristina; Barbosa, Ana Angélica Almeida; Oliveira, Paulo Eugênio (2012-09-01). "The role of bee diversity in pollination and fruit set of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa, Passifloraceae) crop in Central Brazil". Apidologie. 43 (5): 515–526. doi:10.1007/s13592-012-0120-6. ISSN   1297-9678. S2CID   15439381.
  20. ↑ Grissell, Eric (6 May 2013). "Carpenter Bees: The (Harmless!) Garden Pollinators". Mother Earth News.
  21. 1 2 Fischer, Ivan H.; Rezende, Jorge A. M. (2008). Pest Technology: Diseases of Passion Flower (Passiflora spp.) (PDF). Global Science Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  22. 1 2 Amata RL, et al. (June 2011). "Manual for identification of passion fruit diseases and their management" (PDF). www.kari.org. Horticulture and Industrial Crops, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  23. 1 2 Joy PP, Sherin CG (2012). "Diseases of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)" (PDF). Kerala University, Kerala, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  24. 1 2 Baigent NL, Starr MP (5 January 2012). "Bacterial grease-spot disease of passion fruit". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 6 (1–2): 24–38. doi: 10.1080/00288233.1963.10419317 .
  25. ↑ "Fusarium wilt of passion fruit". PaDIL, an initiative of the Australian Government's Department of Agriculture. 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  26. 1 2 Tarnowski TL, Ploetz RC (2010). "First Report of Colletotrichum boninense, C. capsici, and a Glomerella sp. as Causes of Postharvest Anthracnose of Passion Fruit in Florida". Plant Disease. 94 (6): 786. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0786C . PMID   30754330.
  27. ↑ "Paraguay: national flower". Paraguay.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  28. ↑ "Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act, Paula Fuga". 3 January 2008.
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