Population genetics
In their full autosomal genome, the Lebbo' harbor both Austronesian-related and Mainland Southeast Asian (=Austroasiatic-related) ancestries, like most ethnic groups in the western part of Insular Southeast Asia. Additionally (and – as of now – uniquely among peoples sampled from Borneo and other parts of western Insular Southeast Asia), they have a significant ancestral compontent related to Papuans. [2] [3]
In a small sample of Lebbo' males (15 individuals) the following Y-DNA haplogroups were found: C* (M130) 13.33%, K* (M9) 6.67%, K2 (M526) 13.33%, O1b1a1a1a1a (M88) 33.33%, O1a2 (M50) 26.67%, and O2a1b~ (M164) 6.67%. [4] A previous study found a small percentage of Lebbo' males (two individuals) to be the only known members of the rare C1b1a2a, also known as C-B67. [5] According to a study by the same team of researchers published in 2022, C-B67 also has been found in one individual from Lembata and four individuals from Flores, both of which are islands in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. [6] (The less rare sibling clade C1b1a2b/C-F725 has been found in members of the Murut people in Brunei, Malay people in Singapore, Aeta people in the Philippines, and Han Chinese in China. [5] )
The most common Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups found amongst a small sample of 19 Lebbo' individuals were: B4a 21.05%, B5a 15.79%, M20 15.79%, M71a2 15.79%, R9b1a1a 10.53% and E1a 21.05% out of a sample size of 19 Lebbo' people. [4]
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
Haplogroup A is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in Africa, in contrast with haplogroup BT, bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of early modern humans. The known branches of haplogroup A are A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1; these branches are only very distantly related, and are not more closely related to each other than they are to haplogroup BT.
Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and later Japan.
Haplogroup M, AKA M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 to 47,000 years ago.
Haplogroup O-M122 is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.
Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations.
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.
In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.
In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.
Haplogroup NO1, also known as NO-M214, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. NO1 is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K- M2313, which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308). NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern Eurasia, including East Asia, Siberia and northern Fennoscandia.
Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the most numerically significant subclade of Haplogroup S1a.
The Barito languages are around twenty Austronesian languages of Indonesia (Borneo), plus Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar, and the Sama–Bajaw languages around the Sulu Archipelago. They are named after the Barito River located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.
Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2.
Haplogroup C-M48 also known as C2b1a2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 or Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Korea, also found among Sino-Tibetan language speaking people.
Haplogroup S1a is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs Z41335, Z41336, Z41337, Z41338, Z41339, Z41340, and Z41341.
Haplogroup K2a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. K2a is a primary subclade of haplogroup K2 (M526), which in turn is a primary descendant of haplogroup K (M9). Its sole primary descendant is haplogroup K-M2313.
Various genetic studies on Filipinos have been performed, to analyze the population genetics of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines.
Indonesia (East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan)
